TABLE 5.
Subgroup analyses of comparing the effect of NHT to placebo on the improvement degree in the TDS scale after 4 weeks treatment.
| Subgroup | Mean ± SD (n) | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NHT | Placebo | ||||
| Improvement degree of score in TDS scale | 5.85 ± 4.80 | (54) | 3.45 ± 3.45 | (55) | 0.004 a ,** |
| Sex (male) | 5.09 ± 5.41 | (11) | 4.06 ± 3.88 | (17) | 0.378 b |
| Sex (female) | 6.05 ± 4.68 | (43) | 3.18 ± 3.25 | (38) | 0.002 b ,** |
| Age (≥65 years) | 4.17 ± 5.12 | (6) | 4.13 ± 3.09 | (8) | 0.985 a |
| Age (<65 years) | 6.06 ± 4.77 | (47) | 3.34 ± 3.52 | (48) | 0.002 b ,** |
| BMI (≥22 kg/m2) | 6.68 ± 4.91 | (19) | 3.16 ± 2.98 | (31) | 0.006 b ,** |
| BMI (<22 kg/m2) | 5.40 ± 4.75 | (35) | 3.83 ± 4.01 | (24) | 0.191 a |
| PDS | 4.52 ± 5.44 | (21) | 2.05 ± 2.66 | (21) | 0.071 a |
| EPS | 4.62 ± 4.37 | (13) | 3.25 ± 3.13 | (16) | 0.336 a |
| Overlap | 8.05 ± 3.61 | (20) | 5.28 ± 3.85 | (18) | 0.028 a ,* |
| FR | 6.29 ± 5.33 | (34) | 3.09 ± 3.79 | (35) | 0.006 a ,** |
| Not FR | 5.10 ± 3.74 | (20) | 4.10 ± 2.71 | (20) | 0.340 a |
| SSDC | 5.13 ± 4.63 | (38) | 3.41 ± 2.67 | (22) | 0.073 a |
| SDQS | 7.67 ± 5.77 | (3) | 2.83 ± 3.19 | (6) | 0.262 b |
| DLSS | — | (0) | 2.33 ± 3.79 | (3) | — |
| TACH | 4.50 ± 6.36 | (2) | 2.90 ± 3.18 | (10) | 0.758 b |
| DHSS | 8.00 ± 5.06 | (10) | 3.44 ± 4.13 | (9) | 0.048 a ,* |
| FRED | 9.00 | (1) | 6.20 ± 5.89 | (5) | 0.667 b |
Independent two-sample t-test.
Mann–Whitney U test.
BMI, body mass index; DHSS, Dampness and heat in the spleen and stomach systems pattern; DLSS, Disharmony of liver and stomach systems pattern; EPS, epigastric pain syndrome; FR, food retention; FRED, food retention disorder pattern; NHT, Naesohwajung-tang; PDS, postprandial distress syndrome; SD, standard deviation; SDQS, spleen deficiency with qi stagnation pattern; SSDC, spleen and stomach deficiency with cold pattern; TACH, tangled cold and heat pattern; TDS, total dyspepsia symptom. Continuous values are presented as the mean ± SD. Statistically significant differences between the two groups were analyzed using the independent two-sample t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 indicate statistically significant differences between the NHT and placebo groups.