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. 2023 May 12;11:1173235. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1173235

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Multiple assembly mechanisms of canonical, non-canonical, and apoptotic caspases-mediated pathways. In the canonical pyroptotic pathway, inflammasome sensors (such as NLRP1, AIM2, NLRP3, NAIP and pyrin) detect diverse pathogenic signals and activate caspase-1 through the ASC or NLRC4 adaptor. Activated caspase-1 promotes the cleavage of pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18, as well as GSDMD. Large amounts of cleaved IL-1β and IL-18 are released to the extracellular space through the membrane pores formed by the N-terminus of GSDMD. Furthermore, bacterial LPS can promote the cleavage of GSDMD by activating caspase-4/5/11 in a non-classical pyroptotic pathway. In the apoptotic caspases-mediated pathway, caspase-9/GSDMD, caspase-3/GSDME, caspase-8/GSDMC, caspase-8/caspase-3/GSDME, caspase-8/GSDMD, caspase-3/6/7/caspase-1/GSDMD and caspase-3/6/7/GSDMB signaling pathways mediate pyroptosis.