Table 1.
Patient characteristics at baseline.
| M-Diet (n=14) |
FMD (n=17) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 67.1 ± 5.9 | 66.6 ± 5.8 | 0.81 |
| Sex (females/males) | 5/9 | 5/12 | 0.71 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 30.2 ± 4.6 | 30.1 ± 4.1 | 0.95 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 13.7 ± 8.0 | 14.5 ± 8.6 | 0.79 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Hypertension n (%) | 13 (93) | 16 (94) | 0.87 |
| Coronary disease n (%) | 6 (43) | 5 (29) | 0.53 |
| Medication | |||
| Oral antidiabetics n (%) | 11 (79) | 15 (88) | 0.47 |
| Insulin therapy n (%) | 7 (50) | 5 (29) | 0.24 |
| RAAS inhibitors n (%) | 10 (71) | 15 (88) | 0.24 |
| Beta Blockers n (%) | 8 (57) | 8 (53) | 0.58 |
| Statins n (%) | 10 (71) | 9 (53) | 0.29 |
| ASS n (%) | 8 (57) | 5 (29) | 0.12 |
| Glycemic control | |||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 8.0 ± 1.5 | 0.69 |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 167.3 ± 49.0 | 164.8 ± 43.4 | 0.88 |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Systolic (mmHg) | 143 ± 13 | 142 ± 14 | 0.84 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | 83 ± 8 | 86 ± 9 | 0.34 |
| Renal function | |||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.82 ± 0.29 | 0.88 ± 0.29 | 0.57 |
| eGFR CKD-EPI (ml/min*1.73m²) | 87.83 ± 17.62 | 83.86 ± 20.19 | 0.57 |
| Serum lipids | |||
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 171 (63) | 161 (135) | 0.30 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 46 ± 11 | 47 ± 13 | 0.82 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 98 ± 35 | 88 ± 34 | 0.43 |
| Clinical neuropathy assessment | |||
| NSS/10 | 5.5 ± 3.4 | 5.4 ± 3.3 | 0.88 |
| NDS/10 | 4.6 ± 3.1 | 3.5 ± 2.8 | 0.31 |
| DSPN n (%) | 9 (64) | 8 (47) | 0.34 |
| Nerve conduction velocity | |||
| Sural nerve sensory NCV (m/s) | 38.54 ± 12.15 | 38.18 ± 7.45 | 0.77 |
| Sural nerve SNAP (μV) | 2.46 ± 2.29 | 3.96 ± 4.35 | 0.34 |
| Tibial nerve motor NCV (m/s) | 37.23 ± 8.58 | 39.29 ± 6.40 | 0.72 |
| Tibial nerve CMAP (µV) | 6.35 ± 5.31 | 7.79 ± 5.12 | 0.30 |
| Peroneal nerve motor NCV (m/s) | 37.39 ± 8.20 | 38.65 ± 7.65 | 0.76 |
| Peroneal nerve CMAP (µV) | 3.41 ± 2.83 | 5.05 ± 4.00 | 0.18 |
| Quantitative sensory testing (z-scores) | |||
| CDT | -1.73 ± 1.31 | -1.13 ± 1.12 | 0.26 |
| WDT | -1.37 ± 0.77 | -0.77 ± 0.91 | 0.05 |
| TSL | -1.57 ± 0.96 | -1.06 ± 0.79 | 0.20 |
| CPT | -0.42 ± 0.85 | -0.45 ± 0.83 | 0.95 |
| HPT | -0.76 ± 1.40 | -0.02 ± 1.61 | 0.13 |
| PPT | -0.38 ± 1.29 | 0.10 ± 1.22 | 0.46 |
| MPT | 0.71 ± 2.46 | 1.81 ± 2.00 | 0.26 |
| MPS | 0.18 ± 1.78 | 0.65 ± 1.24 | 0.46 |
| WUR | -0.16 ± 0.80 | -0.17 ± 0.94 | 0.70 |
| MDT | -1.30 ± 2.40 | -0.30 ± 2.81 | 0.90 |
| VDT | -3.80 ± 2.96 | -1.70 ± 2.67 | 0.04 |
| Magnetic Resonance Neurography | |||
| FA | 0.37 ± 0.10 | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.76 |
| T2-time (ms) | 76.94 ± 17.57 | 72.85 ± 9.28 | 0.95 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed variables, median (interquartile range) for log-normally distributed variables, or frequencies n (%) for categorical variables. P-values represent the difference between the study groups. Bold values represent statistical significance changes (P<0.05).
Parameters of quantitative sensory testing were compared to reference values, which were used to calculate z-scores for all single tests, except PHS and DMA: z-score positive values = hyperalgesia, z-score negative values = hypoesthesia or hypoalgesia.
M-Diet, Mediterranean diet; FMD, fasting-mimicking diet; BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; HDL, high-density-lipoprotein; LDL, low-density-lipoprotein. NSS neuropathy symptom score; NDS, neuropathy disability score; DSPN, diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy; NCV nerve conduction velocity; SNAP, sensory nerve action potential; CMAP, compound motor action potential; CDT, cold detection threshold; WDT, warm detection threshold; TSL, thermal sensory limen; CPT, cold pain threshold; HPT, heat pain threshold; PPT, pain pressure threshold; MPT, mechanical pain threshold; MPS, mechanical pain sensitivity; WUR, wind-up ratio; MDT, mechanical detection threshold; VDT, vibration detection threshold; FA, sciatic nerve’s fractional anisotropy.