Table 2.
Neuropathy assessment and metabolic outcomes.
| Parameter | M-Diet | FMD | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDS | Baseline | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | |
| After Intervention | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 0.27 | |
| NSS | Baseline | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | |
| After Intervention | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 0.44 | |
| Sural nerve sensory NCV (m/s) | Baseline | 38.54 ± 3.37 | 38.18 ± 1.81 | |
| After Intervention | 38.54 ± 2.46 | 37.12 ± 2.04 | 0.82 | |
| Sural nerve SNAP (µV) | Baseline | 2.46 ± 0.64 | 3.96 ± 1.06 | |
| After Intervention | 2.10 ± 0.44 | 2.88 ± 0.69 | 0.63 | |
| Tibial nerve motor NCV (m/s) | Baseline | 37.23 ± 2.38 | 39.29 ± 1.55 | |
| After Intervention | 32.89 ± 3.05* | 36.92 ± 2.38 | 0.45 | |
| Tibial nerve CMAP (µV) | Baseline | 6.35 ± 1.47 | 7.79 ± 1.24 | |
| After Intervention | 6.38 ± 1.49 | 9.21 ± 1.45* | 0.13 | |
| Peroneal nerve motor NCV (m/s) | Baseline | 37.39 ± 2.28 | 38.65 ± 1.86 | |
| After Intervention | 37.08 ± 1.94 | 37.71 ± 1.94 | >0.99 | |
| Peroneal nerve CMAP (µV) | Baseline | 3.41 ± 0.79 | 5.05 ± 0.97 | |
| After Intervention | 3.61 ± 0.72 | 4.77 ± 1.09 | 0.06 | |
| CDT | Baseline | -1.73 ± 0,35 | -1.13 ± 0.28 | |
| After Intervention | -1.96 ± 0.37 | -1.59 ± 0.25 | 0.79 | |
| WDT | Baseline | -1.37 ± 0.21 | -0.77 ± 0,23 | |
| After Intervention | -1.46 ± 0.30 | -0.95 ± 0.24 | 0.40 | |
| TSL | Baseline | -1.57 ± 0.26 | -1,06 ± 0,20 | |
| After Intervention | -1.21 ± 0.30 | -1.00 ± 0.19 | 0.19 | |
| CPT | Baseline | -0.42 ± 0.23 | -0.45 ± 0,21 | |
| After Intervention | -0.46 ± 0.22 | -0.28 ± 0.20 | 0.74 | |
| HPT | Baseline | -0.76 ± 0.37 | -0.02 ± 0.36 | |
| After Intervention | -1.10 ± 0.30* | -0.47 ± 0.41 | 0.55 | |
| PPT | Baseline | -0.38 ± 0.36 | 0.10 ± 0,29 | |
| After Intervention | -0.47 ± 0.41 | -0.09 ± 0.22 | 0.76 | |
| MPT | Baseline | 0.71 ± 0.66 | 1.81 ± 0,48 | |
| After Intervention | 0.36 ± 0.60 | 2.01 ± 0.55 | 0.40 | |
| MPS | Baseline | 0.18 ± 0.49 | 0.65 ± 0,30 | |
| After Intervention | 0.46 ± 0.52 | 0.77 ± 0.35 | 0.57 | |
| WUR | Baseline | -0.16 ± 0.24 | -0.17 ± 0.23 | |
| After Intervention | 0.59 ± 0.53 | 0.04 ± 0.23 | 0.76 | |
| MDT | Baseline | -1.30 ± 0.64 | -0.30 ± 0.68 | |
| After Intervention | -1.52 ± 0.52 | -0.78 ± 0.41 | 0.80 | |
| VDT | Baseline | -3.80 ± 0.79 | -1.70 ± 0.65 | |
| After Intervention | -1.91 ± 0.89 | -1.79 ± 0.62 | 0.34 | |
| FA | Baseline | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | |
| After Intervention | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.40 ± 0.02 | 0.64 | |
| T2-time | Baseline | 76.94 ± 7.17 | 72.85 ± 3.51 | |
| After Intervention | 75.21 ± 4.81 | 67.88 ± 3.35 | 0.37 | |
| FPG (mg/dL) | Baseline | 167.3 ± 13.1 | 164.8 ± 10.5 | |
| After Intervention | 153.0 ± 13.8 | 137.0 ± 12.7* | 0.43 | |
| HbA1c (%) | Baseline | 7.8 ± 0.3 | 8.0 ± 0.4 | |
| After Intervention | 7.9 ± 0.3 | 6.7 ± 0.3** | 0.007 | |
| Body weight (kg) | Baseline | 93.8 ± 4.6 | 92.9 ± 3.5 | |
| After Intervention | 92.7 ± 4.8 | 85.8 ± 3.6*** | 0.0002 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Baseline | 30.2 ± 1.2 | 30.1 ± 1.0 | |
| After Intervention | 29.9 ± 1.3 | 27.7 ± 1.0*** | 0.06 | |
| LDL (mg/dL) | Baseline | 98.1 ± 9.8 | 88.0 ± 8.6 | |
| After Intervention | 98.0 ± 9.9 | 88.9 ± 10.1 | 0.55 | |
| HDL (mg/dL) | Baseline | 45.5 ± 2.9 | 46.5 ± 3.2 | |
| After Intervention | 47.3 ± 2.9 | 48.8 ± 3.3 | 0.59 | |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Baseline | 187.1 ± 17.3 | 296.3 ± 92.6 | |
| After Intervention | 188.9 ± 24.3 | 121.2 ± 12.4* | 0.08 | |
| Blood ketones (mmol/L) | Baseline | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | |
| After Intervention | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.12 | 0.003 |
Data are shown as mean ± SEM. P-value represents comparison of change between the groups. Bold values represent statistical significance changes (P<0.05).
Parameters of quantitative sensory testing were compared to reference values, which were used to calculate z-scores for all single tests, except PHS and DMA: z-score positive values = hyperalgesia, z-score negative values = hypoesthesia or hypoalgesia.
*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and represents the difference between baseline and after intervention values within the study group.
M-Diet, Mediterranean diet; FMD, fasting-mimicking diet; NSS, neuropathy symptom score; NDS, neuropathy disability score; NCV, nerve conduction velocity; SNAP, sensory nerve action potential; CMAP, compound motor action potential; CDT, cold detection threshold; WDT, warm detection threshold; TSL, thermal sensory limen; CPT, cold pain threshold; HPT, heat pain threshold; PPT, pain pressure threshold; MPT, mechanical pain threshold; MPS, mechanical pain sensitivity; WUR, wind-up ratio; MDT, mechanical detection threshold; VDT, vibration detection threshold; FA, sciatic nerve’s fractional anisotropy; FPG, fasting plasma glucose;, BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; LDL, low-density-lipoprotein; HDL, high-density-lipoprotein.