Table 2.
Basic information of the included studies.
| Author | Year | Country | Study type | Age | Sample | M/F | Severity | Injury site | Timings | Diagnosis method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thumbikat | 2002 | England | Cross-sectional study | / | 173 | 129/44 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Bai | 2021 | China | Experimental research | 38.45 ± 12.23/39.27 ± 11.19 | 80 | 47/33 | A–C | Cervical | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| lv | 2022 | China | Cross-sectional study | 58.7 ± 11.9/52.6 ± 13.5 | 175 | 129/46 | / | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Yu | 2020 | China | Cross-sectional study | 47.77 ± 10.76/37.35 ± 10.20 | 80 | 36/44 | / | Thoracolumbar | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chen | 2016 | China | Cross-sectional study | 48 (35–57) | 377 | 184/193 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Joseph | 2017 | South Africa | Cohort study | 26 ± 6.9 | 145 | 96/49 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chiou-Tan | 2003 | USA | Experimental research | 36.1 ± 15 | 95 | 72/23 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| McKinley | 2002 | USA | Cohort study | 55.3 ± 13.6/38.5 ± 16.4 | 117 | 89/28 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Aito | 2003 | Italy | Cohort study | 38.9 | 588 | 476/112 | A–E | Unlimited | Chronic | Doppler ultrasound |
| Tauqir | 2007 | Pakistan | Cross-sectional study | 16–39 | 194 | 50/144 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Roussi | 1999 | France | Cohort study | 17–72 | 67 | 52/15 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Cho | 2020 | Korea | Cohort study | 60.47 ± 17.41 | 45 | / | / | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Wu | 2021 | China | Cohort study | 53.1 ± 16.2 | 1,290 | 1,130/160 | A–D | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Anbesaw | 2001 | USA | Cohort study | 45.5 ± 20.2 | 3,389 | 2,542/847 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Hebbeler | 2017 | USA | Cohort study | / | 129 | / | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Worley | 2008 | Canada | Cohort study | 46.0 ± 19.9/38.0 ± 16.4 | 90 | 79/11 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Kumagai | 2018 | Japan | Cohort study | 59.7 ± 18.8/65.4 ± 15.2 | 113 | 84/30 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Masuda | 2015 | Japan | Cohort study | 61.3 (13–91) | 268 | 223/45 | A–E | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Du | 2018 | China | Cohort study | 43.4 ± 13.9/45.1 ± 14.2 | 721 | 502/219 | B–D | Thoracolumbar | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Riklin | 2003 | Switzerland | Cohort study | 46.6 (5–90) | 1,209 | 887/322 | / | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Agarwal | 2009 | India | Cohort study | 32 (10–80) | 297 | 241/56 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Yao | 2009 | Sugimoto | Cohort study | / | 52 | 41/11 | A–D | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Mackiewicz | 2016 | Poland | Cross-sectional study | 32 (13–65) | 53 | 48/15 | A–D | Unlimited | Chronic | Doppler ultrasound |
| Groves | 2017 | Nepal | Cross-sectional study | 30 ± 16.4 | 117 | 66/51 | A–E | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Sara | 2015 | Canada | Cohort study | 51.6 ± 21.3/53.8 ± 18.6 | 7,693 | 4,083/3,610 | A–E | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Germing | 2010 | Germany | Cohort study | 19–90 | 139 | 88/51 | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Powell | 1999 | USA | Case–control study | 44 (13–91) | 189 | 144/45 | A–D | Unlimited | Chronic | Doppler ultrasound |
| Hon | 2019 | USA | Cohort study | 51.2 ± 20.2 | 189 | 140/49 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chang | 2017 | Houston | Cohort study | 28–62 | 501 | 364/137 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Cao | 2019 | China | Cohort study | 21–58 | 342 | 213/129 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Mackiewicz | 2020 | Poland | Cohort study | 37.7 ± 15.7 | 78 | 66/12 | A–C | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Waters | 1999 | USA | Case–control study | / | 3,756 | / | / | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Christina | 2012 | USA | Cohort study | / | 140 | 97/43 | A–D | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Nwankwo | 2013 | Nigeria | Cohort study | 2–75 | 85 | 69/16 | A–E | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Wang | 2020 | China | Cross-sectional study | 39.5 ± 11.2 | 3,487 | 2,509/978 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Du | 2020 | China | Cohort study | 50.1 ± 14.8 | 1,730 | 1,284/446 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Rathore | 2007 | Pakistan | Cohort study | 28.3 ± 12.4 | 187 | 80/107 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Wu | 2012 | China | Cohort study | 54.6 ± 14.6 | 143 | 119/24 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Li | 2012 | China | Cohort study | 38.5 ± 9.6 | 51 | 21/30 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Green | 2005 | USA | Cohort study | 44.5 ± 19.1 | 76 | 55/21 | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Wu | 2013 | China | Cohort study | >15 | 631 | 537/94 | A–D | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Mackiewicz | 2021 | Poland | Cross-sectional study | 36.4 | 88 | 75/13 | A–C | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Ichikawa | 2020 | Japna | Cohort study | 68.4 ± 12.8/63.7 ± 18.5 | 57 | 44/13 | A–E | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Do | 2013 | Korea | Cohort study | 49.1 ± 16.5 | 185 | 133/52 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chung | 2014 | China | Cohort study | 50 ± 19.9 | 47,916 | 30,036/17,880 | A–D | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Geoffrey | 1993 | USA | Cohort study | 22-81 | 287 | 282/5 | / | / | Chronic | Doppler ultrasound |
| William | 1999 | USA | Cross-sectional study | / | 6776 | / | A–E | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chen | 1999 | USA | Cross-sectional study | 36.5 ± 16.9 | 1,649 | / | A–E | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Carbone | 2013 | USA | Case–control study | 21.49–94.37 | 2,054 | 2,054/0 | A–E | Unlimited | Chronic | Doppler ultrasound |
| Arsh | 2019 | Pakistan | Cohort study | 41.7 ± 17.3 | 62 | 46/16 | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Cho | 2021 | Korea | Cohort study | / | 167 | / | / | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| McKinley | 2004 | USA | Cohort study | 37.65 ± 15.83 | 779 | 614/165 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Halim | 2014 | India | Experimental research | 14–66 | 74 | 60/14 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Scivoletto | 2018 | Italy | Cohort study | 40.6 ± 17.3 | 250 | 209/41 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Joseph | 2015 | Sweden | Cohort study | 33.5 ± 13.8 | 145 | 124/21 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| SCTI | 2003 | USA | Experimental research | 36.9 ± 16.7 | 476 | 389/87 | A–D | Cervical thoracic | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Marion | 2016 | Canada | Cohort study | 47.5 ± 20.3 | 444 | 352/92 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Gorman | 2008 | USA | Cohort study | 48.1 ± 19.7 | 58 | 40/18 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| FRCS | 1992 | England | Cohort study | / | 100 | 80/20 | / | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Deep | 2001 | England | Cohort study | / | 130 | / | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Singh | 2022 | India | Cohort study | 33.38 ± 12.97 | 50 | 40/10 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Citak | 2012 | Germany | Case–control study | / | 264 | 212/52 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Eichinger | 2018 | Austria | Cohort study | 47.8 ± 18.3 | 185 | 162/23 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Maxwell | 2002 | USA | Cohort study | / | 111 | 90/21 | / | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Sasa | 2012 | Serbia | Cohort study | >18 | 441 | 322/119 | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Hetz | 2011 | Canada | Cross-sectional study | 46.83 ± 13.42 | 695 | 531/164 | A–D | Unlimited | Chronic | Doppler ultrasound |
| Noreau | 2000 | Canada | Cross-sectional study | 42.4 ± 12.1 | 482 | 392/90 | A–D | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Germing | 2009 | Germany | Cross-sectional study | 19-85 | 115 | 75/40 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Ametefe | 2016 | Ghana | Cohort study | 36.25 ± 13.62 | 185 | 141/44 | / | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Schottler | 2012 | USA | Cohort study | 11 | 159 | 92/67 | / | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Jentzsch | 2021 | Canada | Cohort study | 46 | 460 | 86/361 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Kadyan | 2003 | USA | Cohort study | 15–86 | 92 | 68/24 | A–D | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Yelnik | 1991 | France | Cohort study | 34.5 ± 15.5 | 147 | 106/41 | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Colachis | 1993 | USA | Cohort study | / | 209 | / | / | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Maharaj | 2016 | Australia | Cohort study | 41 ± 18 | 384 | 328/56 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Furaln | 2005 | Canada | Cohort study | 17–89 | 55 | 38/17 | A–D | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Rathore | 2008 | Pakistan | Cohort study | 28.3 ± 12.4 | 187 | 80/107 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chen | 2012 | China | Experimental research | 42.11 ± 13.75 | 295 | 183/112 | A–D | Cervical | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Hao | 2021 | China | Cohort study | / | 78,061 | / | A–E | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Mackiewicz | 2021 | Poland | Cohort study | 37.3 ± 15.7 | 145 | 115/30 | A–C | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Lau | 2019 | USA | Cohort study | 52.9 ± 19.4 | 106 | 77/29 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Jones | 2005 | USA | Cohort study | 44.5 ± 21 | 16,240 | 11,777/4,463 | A–D | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Ahlquist | 2020 | USA | Cohort study | >18 | 79 | 61/18 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Saraf | 2007 | India | Cohort study | 16–59 | 70 | / | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Morita | 2018 | Japan | Cohort study | 14–73 | 75 | 43/32 | A–E | Thoracolumbar | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Godat | 2022 | USA | Cohort study | 18–40 | 343 | / | / | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Waring | 1991 | USA | Cohort study | 33 ± 0.4 | 1419 | 1,149/270 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Wang | 2016 | China | Cohort study | 55 (43–62) | 279 | 21/147 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Zhang | 2022 | China | Cross-sectional study | / | 260 | 193/67 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Wu | 2019 | China | Cross-sectional study | 34–66 | 207 | 155/52 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Hoh | 2015 | USA | Cohort study | 47.7 ± 22.3 | 10,669 | 7,761/2,908 | A–E | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| Clements | 2016 | Australia | Cohort study | 44 (25–61) | 222 | 174/48 | A–E | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Guerra | 2014 | Brazil | Cohort study | 20–76 | 100 | 72/28 | A–D | Unlimited | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Piran | 2016 | Canada | Cohort study | 51 (17–91) | 151 | 106/45 | / | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Chung | 2011 | Korea | Cohort study | 53 ± 16.6 | 37 | 26/11 | A–D | Unlimited | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Lowery | 2021 | USA | Cohort study | 44.6 ± 17.9 | 148 | 125/23 | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Winemiller | 1999 | USA | Case–control study | / | 428 | / | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Maung | 2011 | USA | Cohort study | / | 18,302 | / | A–E | Unlimited | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |
| DiGiorgio | 2017 | USA | Cohort study | 53.5 (18–49) | 49 | 32/17 | / | / | Acute | Doppler ultrasound |
| Green | 2003 | USA | Cohort study | 40.1 ± 18.4 | 243 | 193/50 | / | / | / | Doppler ultrasound |
| Pierfranceschi | 2013 | Italy | Cohort study | 40.3 ± 15.9 | 94 | 80/14 | / | / | Unlimited | Doppler ultrasound |