Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the sample (N = 824).
| Variables | Categories | Mean (SD)/n (%) | Rural (n = 421) | Urban (n = 403) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72.98 (7.57) | 73.01 (7.55) | 72.94 (7.61) | 0.889 | |
| Sex | Male | 419 (50.8) | 228 (54.2) | 191 (47.4) | 0.061 |
| Female | 405 (49.2) | 193 (45.8) | 212 (52.6) | ||
| Education level | Illiteracy | 302 (36.7) | 224 (53.2) | 78 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Junior high school and below | 451 (54.7) | 196 (46.6) | 255 (63.3) | ||
| High school and above | 71 (8.6) | 1 (0.2) | 70 (17.4) | ||
| Marital status | Not married | 288 (35.0) | 160 (38.0) | 128 (31.8) | 0.071 |
| Married | 536 (65.0) | 261 (62.0) | 275 (68.2) | ||
| Sense of economic security | No | 244 (29.6) | 180 (42.8) | 64 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 580 (70.4) | 241 (57.2) | 339 (84.1) | ||
| Self-rated health | Very poor | 29 (3.5) | 18 (4.3) | 11 (2.7) | 0.079 |
| Poor | 117 (14.2) | 71 (16.9) | 46 (11.4) | ||
| Fair | 422 (51.2) | 203 (48.2) | 219 (54.3) | ||
| Good | 222 (26.9) | 109 (25.9) | 113 (28.0) | ||
| Very good | 34 (4.1) | 20 (4.8) | 14 (3.5) | ||
| Alcohol drinking | No | 562 (68.2) | 282 (67.0) | 280 (69.5) | 0.488 |
| Yes | 262 (31.8) | 139 (33.0) | 123 (30.5) | ||
| Smoking status | No | 614 (74.5) | 292 (69.4) | 322 (79.9) | <0.01 |
| Yes | 210 (25.5) | 129 (30.6) | 81 (20.1) | ||
| Subjective aging | Old | 628 (76.2) | 77 (18.3) | 119 (29.5) | <0.001 |
| Not old | 196 (23.8) | 344 (81.7) | 284 (70.5) | ||
| Live with family members | No | 146 (17.7) | 98 (23.0) | 48 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 678 (82.3) | 323 (76.7) | 355 (88.1) | ||
| Instrumental support from children | No | 80 (9.7) | 44 (10.5) | 36 (8.9) | 0.536 |
| Yes | 744 (90.3) | 377 (89.5) | 367 (91.1) | ||
| Perception of children’s filial piety | No | 185 (22.5) | 108 (25.7) | 77 (19.1) | <0.05 |
| Yes | 639 (77.5) | 313 (74.3) | 326 (80.9) | ||
| Social connectivity with family | 12.40 (8.99) | 12.05 (7.80) | 12.77 (10.08) | 0.251 | |
| Social connectivity with friends | 6.70 (8.43) | 6.00 (7.49) | 7.43 (9.27) | <0.05 |