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. 2022 Aug 28;13(5):1789–1827. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Engineering and delivery of cellular nanovesicles for controlled immunomodulation. (a) Genetically engineered EVs to express surface ligands for immunomodulation. Schematic illustration of genetically engineered EVs expressing anti-CD3 antibody (αCD3) and anti-EGFR antibody (αEGFR) as an immune engager to trigger effective anti-tumor immune responses by T cells. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 256. Copyright © 2018, American Chemical Society. (b) Surface modification of EVs for improved targeting and responsive drug release. Schematic illustration of preparation and application of M2 macrophage-derived EVs engineered with enzyme-responsively released NGF for spinal cord injury therapy. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 275. Copyright © 2021, Springer Nature. (c) Loading drug into EVs to extend their function. Schematic illustration of the process of loading of cholesterol-modified siRNA into EVs. Confocal images of the internalization of siRNA-loaded EVs by primary cortical neurons was showed (Red, Cy3 labeled siRNA; Green, PKH67 labeled EVs; Blue, nuclei stained with Hoechst). Reproduced with permission from Ref. 300. Copyright © 2016, Elsevier. (d) Delivery of EVs using hydrogels. Schematic illustration of a bilayer hydrogel loaded with BMSC-derived EVs for promotion of scarless wound healing. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 328. Copyright © 2021, American Chemical Society.