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. 2022 Aug 28;13(5):1789–1827. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.020

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© 2023 Chinese Pharmaceutical Association and Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Surface engineered MSC-EVs for immunotherapy against rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (a) Schematic showing the process of preparing surface engineered MSC-EVs by metabolic glycoengineering-based click chemistry. A targeting ligand, dextran sulfate (DS) which can target the macrophage scavenger receptor class A (SR-A), was conjugated to the engineered EVs for targeting macrophages in the inflamed joint of RA. (b) Mechanism of the engineered MSC-EVs to reprogram macrophages in RA. Systemically administered EVs could accumulate at the inflamed joints because of the presence of the targeting ligand dextran sulfate. Upon reaching the joints, the MSC-EVs reprogram macrophages to the M2 phenotype, resolving inflammation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 446. Copyright © 2021, American Association for the Advancement of Science.