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Schematic illustration of the delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 by MSC-derived EVs with immunosuppressive effects for neuroprotection. CRISPR/Cas9 loaded MSC EVs were modified with a targeting peptide, CAQK, to target activated macrophages in the spinal cord. Delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 to these macrophages programed them to the M2 phenotype leading to neuroprotection effect. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 525. Copyright © 2022, Elsevier.
