Table 3.

Representative ongoing clinical trial of cellular nanovesicles for therapeutic immunomodulation.

Nanovesicle source	Indication	Aim of study/function of EVs	Phase	Identifier	Status
MSCs	Hyper-inflammation caused by COVID-19	Function as an adjuvant to reduce hyper-inflammation in moderate COVID-19 patients.	II	NCT05216562	Recruiting
MSCs	COVID-19	Attenuate inflammation and support anti-fibrotic pathways to treat COVID-19.	I	NCT05191381	Recruiting
Mesenchymal progenitor cell	Pulmonary infection	Treat pulmonary infection caused by gram-negative bacilli resistant to carbapenems.	I/II	NCT04544215	Recruiting
CD24 overexpressed exosomes from T-REXTM-293 cells	Moderate or severe COVID-19 infection	Negatively regulate inflammation by controlling the homeostatic proliferation of T cells.	I	NCT04747574	Recruiting
CD24 overexpressed exosomes from T-REXTM-293 cells	Moderate or severe COVID-19 infection	Improvement of COVID19 status.	II	NCT04902183	Recruiting
Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas	B-cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma	Immunotherapy by carrying CD20 and PD-L1 as decoy receptors.	–	NCT03985696	Recruiting

‒, Not applicable.