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. 2022 Dec 30;13(3):414–427. doi: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.12.015

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Included Patients.

Details Patients (n = 185)
Patient characteristics
Male, n (%) 98 (53%)
Age in years, median [IQR] 53 [37–64]
BMI in kg/m2, median [IQR] 25.4 [22.2–28.4]
Region of origin
 - Europe (% 119 (64%)
 - Africa (%) 15 (8%)
 - Asia (%) 41 (22%)
 - South-America (%) 10 (5%)
Indication of outpatient visit
 - HCC screening, n (%) 60 (32%)
 - Evaluation liver disease severity (steatosis/fibrosis), n (%) 123 (66%)
 - Abnormal liver tests/evaluation vasculature or bile ducts, n (%) 53 (29%)
 - Follow-up liver lesion/gallbladder polyp, n (%) 6 (3%)
Comorbidities
Hypertension, n (%) 46 (25%)
History of cardiac failure, n (%) 2 (1%)
Diabetes mellitus, n (%) 27 (15%)
History of pulmonary hypertension, n (%) 2 (1%)
Active smoking, n (%) 24 (13%)
Active alcohol consumption, n (%) 47 (25%)
Drug use
Diuretics, n (%) 20 (11%)
Non-selective beta-blockade, n (%) 9 (5%)
Laboratory
Platelets level (×10ˆ9/L), median [IQR] 208 [146–267]
Total bilirubin level (umol/L), median [IQR] 9 [6-16]
ALT (U/L), median [IQR] 38 [25–63]
ALP (U/L), median [IQR} 95 [69–124]
Albumin (g/L), median [IQR] 41 [36–44]
eGFR stage
  • -

    Stage 1 (≥90 ml/min/1.73m2)

  • -

    Stage 2 (60–89 ml/min/1.73m2)

  • -

    Stage 3 (30–59 ml/min/1.73m2)

  • -

    Stage 4 (15–29 ml/min/1.73m2)

  • -

    Stage 5 (<15 ml/min/1.73m2)

  • -

    Unknown

  • 82 (44%)

  • 61 (33%)

  • 16 (9%)

  • 3 (2%)

  • 1 (1%)

  • 22 (12%)
PT INR, median [IQR] 1.0 [1.0–1.1]
Main etiology liver diseasea
  • -

    Viral, n (%)

  • -

    MAFLD, n (%)

  • -

    Alcohol-related, n (%)

  • -

    Auto-immune/cholestatic, n (%)

  • -

    Other, n (%)

  • -

    Unknown, n (%)

  • 61 (33%)

  • 39 (21%)

  • 13 (7%)

  • 30 (16%)

  • 29 (16%)

  • 22 (12%)
Etiology liver cirrhosisa
Liver cirrhosis, n (%) 57 (31%)
  • -

    Viral, n (%)

  • -

    MAFLD, n (%)

  • -

    Alcohol-related, n (%)

  • -

    Auto-immune/cholestatic, n (%)

  • -

    Other, n (%)

  • -

    Unknown, n (%)

  • 15 (26%)

  • 10 (18%)

  • 8 (14%)

  • 15 (26%)

  • 13 (23%)

  • 1 (2%)
Stage of liver cirrhosis
Child-Pugh reported, n (%) 56 (98%)
  • -

    A, n (%)

  • -

    B, n (%)

  • -

    C, n (%)

  • 38 (68%)

  • 12 (21%)

  • 6 (11%)
MELD-score, median [IQR] 9 [7-13]
Previously diagnosed signs of portal hypertension
One or more previously documented signs of portal hypertension, n (%) 70 (38%)
  • -
    History of ascites, n (%)
    • -
      History of SBP, n

  • 20 (11%)

  • 3
  • -
    History of varices, n (%)
    • -
      History of variceal bleed, n

  • 29 (16%)

  • 6
 - History of hepatic encephalopathy, n (%) 3 (2%)
 - History of portosystemic collaterals, n (%) 19 (10%)
 - History of recanalized umbilical vein, n (%) 11 (6%)
 - History of splenomegaly, n (%) 43 (23%)
 - History of hypertensive portal gastropathy, n (%) 13 (7%)
 - Platelets ≤150 × 10ˆ9/L, n (%) 41 (22%)

Abbreviations: ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; INR, international normalized ratio, IQR, interquartile range; MAFLD, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; n, number; PT, prothrombin time; SBP, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.

a

Multiple diagnoses possible.