Table 3. Characteristics at Baseline Among 830 Patients, Stratified by Changes in Lung-RADS Scores Across 3 Screening Time Points in Experiment 2.
| Characteristic | Patients, No. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Negative unchanged results (n = 631) | Positive unchanged results (n = 26) | Lung-RADS downgraded (n = 94) | Lung-RADS upgraded (n = 79) | |
| Lung-RADS scorea | ||||
| 1 or 2 | 631 (100) | 0 | 0 | 79 (100) |
| 3 or 4 | 0 | 26 (100) | 94 (100) | 0 |
| Age, yb | ||||
| <65 | 293 (46.4) | 5 (19.2) | 37 (39.4) | 25 (31.6) |
| ≥65 | 338 (53.6) | 21 (80.8) | 57 (60.6) | 54 (68.4) |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 250 (39.6) | 10 (38.5) | 33 (35.1) | 36 (45.6) |
| Male | 381 (60.4) | 16 (61.5) | 61 (64.9) | 43 (54.4) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Asian | 56 (8.9) | 2 (7.7) | 10 (10.6) | 5 (6.3) |
| Black | 46 (7.3) | 2 (7.7) | 5 (5.3) | 5 (6.3) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 27 (4.3) | 1 (3.8) | 6 (6.4) | 5 (6.3) |
| White | 472 (74.8) | 20 (76.9) | 69 (73.4) | 61 (77.2) |
| Otherc | 16 (2.5) | 0 | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.5) |
| Missing | 14 (2.2) | 1 (3.8) | 2 (2.1) | 1 (1.3) |
| Educational levela | ||||
| Less than college | 281 (44.5) | 17 (65.4) | 42 (44.7) | 43 (54.4) |
| College graduate | 196 (31.1) | 5 (19.2) | 34 (36.2) | 19 (24.1) |
| Postgraduate | 154 (24.4) | 4 (15.4) | 18 (19.1) | 17 (21.5) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 253 (40.1) | 7 (26.9) | 42 (44.7) | 37 (46.8) |
| Former | 364 (57.7) | 19 (73.1) | 52 (55.3) | 41 (51.9) |
| Missing | 14 (2.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.3) |
| Family history of lung cancera | ||||
| Yes | 140 (22.2) | 4 (15.4) | 20 (21.3) | 21 (26.6) |
| No | 491 (77.8) | 22 (84.6) | 74 (78.7) | 58 (73.4) |
| Age-adjusted CCI scorea | ||||
| 0 or 1 | 84 (13.3) | 2 (7.7) | 9 (9.6) | 6 (7.6) |
| 2 or 3 | 407 (64.5) | 16 (61.5) | 58 (61.7) | 48 (60.8) |
| ≥4 | 140 (22.2) | 8 (30.8) | 27 (28.7) | 25 (31.6) |
| Primary insurance | ||||
| Medicare and/or Medicaid | 272 (43.1) | 18 (69.2) | 47 (50.0) | 30 (38.0) |
| Private or commercial | 348 (55.2) | 8 (30.8) | 45 (47.9) | 47 (59.5) |
| Otherd | 9 (1.4) | 0 | 2 (2.1) | 2 (2.5) |
| Missing | 2 (0.3) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Distance to screening centere | ||||
| ≤Median | 301 (47.7) | 14 (53.8) | 45 (47.9) | 40 (50.6) |
| >Median | 325 (51.5) | 12 (46.2) | 48 (51.1) | 39 (49.4) |
| Missing | 5 (0.8) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 0 |
| Median household incomea,f | ||||
| ≤Median | 309 (49.0) | 15 (57.7) | 52 (55.3) | 44 (55.7) |
| >Median | 322 (51.0) | 11 (42.3) | 42 (44.7) | 35 (44.3) |
| ADI state rankg | ||||
| ≤Median | 362 (57.4) | 14 (53.8) | 40 (42.6) | 44 (55.7) |
| >Median | 231 (36.6) | 11 (42.3) | 50 (53.2) | 31 (39.2) |
| Missing | 38 (6.0) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (4.3) | 4 (5.1) |
| Type of referring physiciana,b | ||||
| Pulmonology, thoracic oncology, radiology or surgery | 102 (16.2) | 4 (15.4) | 20 (21.3) | 24 (30.4) |
| Otherh | 529 (83.8) | 22 (84.6) | 74 (78.7) | 55 (69.6) |
| Expected follow-up examination | ||||
| Before COVID-19 | 595 (94.3) | 25 (96.2) | 89 (94.7) | 69 (87.3) |
| During COVID-19 pause | 8 (1.3) | 0 | 1 (1.1) | 2 (2.5) |
| After COVID-19 pause | 28 (4.4) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (4.3) | 8 (10.1) |
Abbreviations: ADI, Area Deprivation Index; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; Lung-RADS, Lung CT Screening Reporting & Data System.
a
Variable was adjusted for in experiment 2 (ie, significant baseline factors from experiment 1).
b
P < .05 from the χ2 test.
c
Subcategories were American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, more than 1 race, or racial and ethnic group not otherwise stated.
d
Subcategories were Veterans Health Administration, self-pay, and other insurance not specified.
e
Median distance to screening center was 5.48 miles.
f
Median household income was $74 011.
g
Median ADI state rank was 3.
h
Subcategories were family medicine, general internal medicine, and obstetrics and gynecology.