Table 3.
Changes in outcomes from baseline to 12 months using complete case analysesa.
| Outcome and strategy | Yes, mean change (95% CI) | No, mean change (95% CI) | Yes versus no, mean difference (95% CI) | Yes versus no, Cohen d (95% CI) | P value | |||||
| Change in hemoglobin A1c (%) | ||||||||||
|
|
Daily dietary self-monitoring (yes or daily, n=45; no or monthly, n=29) | −0.53 (−0.96 to −0.11) | −0.95 (−1.55 to −0.35) | 0.42 (−0.28 to 1.12) | 0.28 (−0.19 to 0.75) | .24 | ||||
|
|
Mindful eating (yes, n=39; no, n=35) | −0.92 (−1.43 to −0.40) | −0.45 (−0.90 to 0.00) | −0.47 (−1.15 to 0.22) | −0.32 (−0.78 to 0.14) | .18 | ||||
|
|
Positive affect (yes, n=40; no, n=34) | −0.64 (−1.20 to −0.08) | −0.76 (−1.14 to −0.39) | 0.12 (−0.57 to 0.82) | 0.08 (−0.37 to 0.54) | .72 | ||||
| Change in percent body weight | ||||||||||
|
|
Daily dietary self-monitoring (yes/daily, n=47; no/monthly, n=30) | −6.45 (−8.78 to −4.11) | −7.42 (−10.15 to −4.69) | 0.98 (−2.61 to 4.57) | 0.13 (−0.33 to 0.59) | .59 | ||||
|
|
Mindful eating (yes, n=40; no, n=37) | −7.22 (−9.42 to −5.02) | −6.40 (−9.26 to −3.55) | −0.81 (−4.32 to 2.70) | −0.11 (−0.56 to 0.34) | .65 | ||||
|
|
Positive affect (yes, n=41; no, n=36) | −7.06 (−9.84 to −4.28) | −6.56 (−8.68 to −4.44) | −0.50 (−4.02 to 3.01) | −0.07 (−0.51 to 0.38) | .78 | ||||
| Change in depressive symptoms (PHQ-8b) | ||||||||||
|
|
Daily dietary self-monitoring (yes or daily, n=43; no or monthly, n=27) | −2.26 (−3.61 to −0.91) | −4.33 (−6.13 to −2.53) | 2.08 (−0.13 to 4.29) | 0.47 (−0.02 to 0.95) | .06 | ||||
|
|
Mindful eating (yes, n=37; no, n=33) | −2.97 (−4.07 to −1.88) | −3.15 (−5.16 to −1.14) | 0.18 (−2.00 to 2.36) | 0.04 (−0.43 to 0.51) | .87 | ||||
|
|
Positive affect (yes, n=37; no, n=33) | −3.73 (−5.51 to −1.95) | −2.30 (−3.48 to −1.12) | −1.43 (−3.58 to 0.73) | −0.32 (−0.79 to 0.16) | .19 | ||||
| Number of sessions viewed | ||||||||||
|
|
Daily dietary self-monitoring (yes or daily, n=57; no or monthly, n=55) | 21.93 (19.30 to 24.56) | 18.91 (15.75 to 22.07) | 3.02 (−1.03 to 7.08) | 0.28 (−0.09 to 0.65) | .14 | ||||
|
|
Mindful eating (yes, n=57; no, n=55) | 20.46 (17.49 to 23.38) | 20.44 (17.55 to 23.37) | 0.02 (−4.07 to 4.11) | 0.02 (−0.36 to 0.37) | .99 | ||||
|
|
Positive affect (yes, n=56; no, n=56) | 22.29 (19.53 to 25.04) | 18.61 (15.60 to 21.62) | 3.68 (−0.36 to 7.71) | .34 (−0.03 to 0.71) | .07 | ||||
| Self-reported dietary adherence | ||||||||||
|
|
Daily dietary self-monitoring (yes or daily, n=56; no or monthly, n=53) | 4.87 (4.50 to 5.24) | 4.51 (4.05 to 4.97) | 0.36 (−0.22 to 0.94) | 0.24 (−0.14 to 0.61) | .22 | ||||
|
|
Mindful eating (yes, n=55; no, n=54) | 4.87 (4.48 to 5.27) | 4.51 (4.07 to 4.94) | 0.37 (−0.21 to 0.95) | 0.24 (−0.13 to 0.62) | .21 | ||||
|
|
Positive affect (yes, n=55; no, n=54) | 4.82 (4.40 to 5.23) | 4.56 (4.14 to 4.98) | 0.25 (−0.33 to 0.84) | 0.16 (−0.21 to 0.54) | .39 | ||||
| 12-month intervention satisfaction | ||||||||||
|
|
Daily dietary self-monitoring (yes or daily, n=44; no or monthly, n=28) | 6.07 (5.66 to 6.48) | 6.32 (5.91 to 6.73) | −0.25 (−0.86 to 0.35) | −0.20 (−0.68 to 0.27) | .40 | ||||
|
|
Mindful eating (yes, n=38; no, n=34) | 6.34 (5.99 to 6.69) | 5.97 (5.48 to 6.46) | 0.37 (−0.21 to 0.96) | 0.30 (−0.16 to 0.76) | .21 | ||||
|
|
Positive affect (yes, n=38; no, n=34) | 6.32 (5.99 to 6.64) | 6.00 (5.48 to 6.52) | 0.32 (−0.29 to 0.92) | 0.25 (−0.21 to 0.72) | .29 | ||||
aResults from 2-sided t tests and P values are for the mean differences between receiving and not receiving the behavioral factor.
bPHQ-8: 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire.