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AFM images of in vitro and ex vivo loops. (A) Protofilaments and protofibrillar aggregates were extracted and studied by statistical analysis of their bending fluctuations. Samples analyzed were recombinant α-lactalbumin chain-like aggregates (in vitro) and soluble aggregates extracted from the hippocampus of AD patient brains (ex vivo). (B) Example AFM images are shown for in vitro and (C) ex vivo samples. The black squares show a zoom of examples of closed ring structures.
