Table 4.

DEMATEL Analysis: Cause -Effect Relationships in Barriers and Potential Solutions

BR	R	D	D + R	R–D	Rk (BR)	CE (BR)	CE (SI)	Rk (SI)	R–D	D + R	D	R	PSs
B1	8.831	8.520	17.351	0.310	4	C	C	3	0.06	0.90	0.42	0.48	S1
B2	7.901	8.483	16.385	− 0.582	9	E	E	5	− 0.05	1.07	0.56	0.51	S2
B3	8.116	8.737	16.853	− 0.622	10	E	C	4	0.04	1.15	0.56	0.59	S3
B4	6.430	6.779	13.210	− 0.349	8	E	E	8	− 0.17	0.90	0.53	0.37	S4
B5	9.012	8.129	17.141	0.883	1	C	E	9	− 0.13	0.86	0.49	0.36	S5
B6	7.893	8.171	16.063	− 0.278	7	E	E	10	− 0.31	0.67	0.49	0.18	S6
B7	7.882	7.636	15.518	0.246	5	C	C	2	0.29	1.05	0.38	0.67	S7
B8	7.995	7.656	15.651	0.340	2	C	C	1	0.40	1.10	0.35	0.75	S8
B9	7.690	7.372	15.062	0.318	3	C	E	6	− 0.06	0.75	0.40	0.34	S9
B10	6.748	7.013	13.761	− 0.265	6	E	E	7	− 0.07	0.50	0.28	0.22	S10

BR: Barriers; B1, Lack of senior management support; B2, Value chain integration’s challenges; B3, Infrastructure standardisation; B4, Lack of simple and fair benchmarking; B5, Deficit customer awareness; B6, Poor openness, accessibility and availability; B7, Employment disruption (Skill Gaps, Need for additional trainings); B8, Costly Venture; B9, Standardisation, regulations, legalisation and certification issues; B10, Lack of supplier flexibility

PS, Potential Solution; S1,Organisational and institutional awareness; S2, Environmental Product Design and life cycle analysis; S3, Working on reduction of drug wastage and better drug disposal; S4, Policies with strict regulations; S5, Savings (Reduction in Overproduction, Energy consumption, material wastage); S6, Support, motivation, and job security from management; S7, Educating customers for recycling practices; S8,Customer awareness and satisfaction; S9, Sustainable production that increases Customer loyalty and brand image; S10, Ensuring regulatory compliance; R, Sum of Rows; D, Sum of Columns; Rk, Rank; CE, Cause-effect; C, Cause; E, Effect