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. 2023 May 10;123(10):6668–6715. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00728

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© 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

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Accelerating charging dynamics. (a) Ionphobic pore can drastically speed up the charging dynamics, reducing the charging times by an order of magnitude. The bottom plot shows how the diffusion coefficient of a cation depends on the charge accumulated in the pore. Adapted with permission from ref¹¹³. Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. (b) Charging can be accelerated by applying the voltage slowly. The top plot shows the optimized linear and nonlinear charging protocols. The bottom plot compares the step-voltage charging with the optimal linear and nonlinear charging. Adapted with permission from ref (316). Copyright 2020 Nature Springer under CC-BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (c) Correlations between charging times and asymmetry in charging mechanism, described by parameter ΔX, eq 75 (ΔX = 0 means that charging mechanisms at two electrodes of a supercapacitor are identical; see the text). Each point in the plot corresponds to a supercapacitor consisting of two electrodes with one (//) or two (//) slit-shaped pores; w₁ and w₂ in this notation mean the pore widths. The bottom plot shows the Ragone plot, demonstrating that an ionophobic pore (d_0.45//d_0.45), free of ions at zero potential due to its small size, enhances both the power and energy density. Reproduced with permission from ref (122). Copyright 2022 Elsevier under CC-BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Inline graphic — Accelerating charging dynamics. (a) Ionphobic pore can drastically speed up the charging dynamics, reducing the charging times by an order of magnitude. The bottom plot shows how the diffusion coefficient of a cation depends on the charge accumulated in the pore. Adapted with permission from ref¹¹³. Copyright 2014 Springer Nature. (b) Charging can be accelerated by applying the voltage slowly. The top plot shows the optimized linear and nonlinear charging protocols. The bottom plot compares the step-voltage charging with the optimal linear and nonlinear charging. Adapted with permission from ref (316). Copyright 2020 Nature Springer under CC-BY (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). (c) Correlations between charging times and asymmetry in charging mechanism, described by parameter ΔX, eq 75 (ΔX = 0 means that charging mechanisms at two electrodes of a supercapacitor are identical; see the text). Each point in the plot corresponds to a supercapacitor consisting of two electrodes with one (//) or two (//) slit-shaped pores; w₁ and w₂ in this notation mean the pore widths. The bottom plot shows the Ragone plot, demonstrating that an ionophobic pore (d_0.45//d_0.45), free of ions at zero potential due to its small size, enhances both the power and energy density. Reproduced with permission from ref (122). Copyright 2022 Elsevier under CC-BY-NC-ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).