Figure 9.

Selected examples for signatures of and experimental approaches to the ligament size. (A) SEM-based evaluation of a size, L_SEM, by analysis of the characteristic diameter of ligaments at their waist (white arrows).¹²⁹ Pore size (dark arrows) and the skeleton of the ligament network (legend) are also indicated. (B) Analysis based on Bragg reflection width (Williamson–Hall analysis) in wide-angle X-ray powder diffraction.¹⁰⁴ The Williamson–Hall size, D_W–H, is systematically correlated to L_SEM, validating this analysis for measuring the ligament size. (C) In situ small-angle X-ray scattering showing the characteristic interference peak of NPG and its evolution to lesser wave numbers as the structure coarsens during dealloying at 20 °C.²⁸³ The mean spacing between neighboring ligaments can be inferred from the peak position. (A) Reproduced with permission from ref (129). Copyright 2018 under license CC-BY-4.0. (B) Reproduced with permission from ref (104). Copyright 2017 under license CC. (C) Reproduced with permission from ref (283). Copyright 2017 under license CC 3.0.