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. 2023 Mar 16;9(5):870–882. doi: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00052

Figure 1.

Figure 1

DGLA, but not other ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs, induces degeneration, specifically in dopaminergic neurons. (A) Structure of different ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs examined in this study. (B) Percentage (%) of worms with healthy dopaminergic neurons for Pdat-1::gfp with and without supplementation with 100 μM of different ω-6 and ω-3 PUFAs. (C) Fluorescent images of Pdat-1::gfp worms with healthy and degenerated dopaminergic neurons (white arrows represent healthy neurons, and red arrows show degenerated/disappeared neurons). (D) Dose response curve: the effect of different DGLA concentrations on degeneration of ADE neurons on day 1 adulthood. (E) Comparison of the ADE neuron degeneration in Pdat-1::gfp and Pcat-2::gfp supplemented with 100 μM DGLA. (F) Fluorescent images of Pcat-2::gfp worms with healthy and degenerated dopaminergic neurons (white arrows represent healthy neurons, and red arrows show degeneration/disappearance of neurons). (G) Percentage (%) of worms with healthy GABAergic neurons for Punc-25::gfp with and without supplementation with 100 μM DGLA. (H) Fluorescence images of Punc-25::gfp worm with healthy and degenerated GABAergic neurons (red arrows show different signs of neurodegeneration including ventral cord break, commissure break, and branches). (I) Percentage (%) of worms with healthy cholinergic neurons for Punc-17::gfp with and without supplementation with 100 μM DGLA. (J) Fluorescence images of Punc-17::gfp worms with healthy and degenerated cholinergic neurons (red arrows show different signs of neurodegeneration including ventral cord break, commissure break, and branches). (K) Thrashing on day 8 adulthood of wild-type raised on 100 μM LA, DGLA, and EPA. (L) Percentage (%) of worms with healthy glutamatergic neurons with Peat-4::gfp with and without supplementation with 100 μM DGLA. (M) Fluorescent images of Peat-4::gfp worms with healthy and degenerated glutamatergic neurons (white arrows represent healthy neurons, and red arrows show degenerated/disappeared neurons). All supplementations were done at the L4 stage. For all experiments, N = 3, and about 20 worms were tested on each trial. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple comparison test for panels B and D; t test for K: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, nonsignificant is not shown.