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. 2023 May 26;21:168. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01906-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Cell viability and distribution of the nanoparticles in vitro. Viability of hMSCs after treatment with (A) MF NPs and (B) CH6-MF NPs at different concentrations for 3 days. (C) Cellular uptake of CH6-MF NPs/FAM-labelled siRNA (green) in hMSCs, MC-3T3 cells, RAW264.7 cells and Chang liver cells at different time points. The nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (D) Quantification of the fluorescence intensity in (C). (E) Cellular uptake of naked FAM-labelled siRNA, MF NPs/FAM-labelled siRNA and CH6-MF NPs/FAM-labelled siRNA in hMSCs at different time points, and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). (F) Quantification of the fluorescence intensity of (E). (G) Immunofluorescence stain for CH6-MF NPs/FAM-labelled siRNA (green) and lysosomes (red) by confocal laser scanning microscopy to track the intracellular fate of CH6-MF NPs, and the nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The outcomes are presented as the mean ± SD. ns = statistically nonsignificant, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001; n = 3. (C) and (E) Scale bar = 200 μm. (G) Scale bar = 100 μm