Table 2.

Biomarkers associated with abnormal glycosylation

Biomarker	Category	AUCs	Sample	Clinical value	Reference
GnT-III	N-Acetyl-glucosaminyl transferase III	-	Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors	Diagnosis	[107]
GALNT	N-acetylgalactosamine transferase	AUC1year = 0.881; AUC3year = 0.873; AUC5year = 0.779	LGG	Prognosis	[125]
PSCA	TAA	-	Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors	Diagnosis	[126]
sPTPRZ	Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type zeta	0.9676	CSF	Diagnosis	[122]
PLAUR	Integral membrane protein	CGGA-RNA-seq: AUC1year = 0.7810, AUC3year = 0.8437, AUC5year = 0.8688 TCGA-RNA-seq: AUC1year = 0.8528, AUC3year = 0.8485, AUC5year = 0.8074	Undecided	Prognosis	[127]
gp273	Nucleolin	-	Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors	A histopathological marker for glioma grading	[128]
dg-Bcan	BEHAB/ brevican	-	Glioma tissue	Distinguishing primary brain tumors of similar histology but different pathologic course	[82]
Galectin-3	β-galactoside-specific animal lectins	-	Glial tumor cell lines and glial tumors	Diagnosis	[169]
TXNDC12	Thioredoxin domains	TCGA-RNA-seq: AUC3year = 0.787, AUC5year = 0.755; CGGA-RNA-seq: AUC3year = 0.748, AUC5year = 0.774	Glioma tissue	Prognosis, glioma pathological grade	[170]
CD133	Pentaspan transmembrane glycoproteins	-	Glioma tissue	Identifying brain tumor stem cells in gliomas	[134, 137]

AUC: the area under the ROC curve; TAA: tumor-associated antigen