Figure 1.

Sample corpus

(A) Sample location and dates. The archaeological sites analyzed in this study are all from France and are shown in purple, with respect to those previously published, following the coloring scheme from Spyrou and colleagues,⁴³ for consistency. Pictures of the mass graves studied with the exception of the archaeological site of Lariey (12 teeth), which was investigated by Seguin-Orlando and colleagues⁴⁵ (the number of teeth investigated, N, is indicated on each picture).

(B) La Major (Marseille, 1720 CE).

(C) Les Rayettes (Martigues, 1721 CE).

(D) Hôtel-Dieu Saint-Jean-Baptiste (Amiens, 1630–1670 CE).

(E) Maladrerie Saint-Lazare (Beauvais, 1630–1670 CE). See also Tables S1 and S2.