Table 2.
The influence of nanoparticles on the motality of target insect pests
| Type of EPB | Metal | Target Pest | Technical Name | Order/Family | Efficacy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entomopathogenic Bacteria + Nanoparticles of different metals | ||||||
| Bacillus thuringiensis | Silver (Ag) | Cabbage looper | Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Cabbage looper showed dose dependent mortality (40–100%) | [133] |
| Black cutworm | Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Significant mortality (22–83%) of black cutworm was recorded | |||
| Red palm weevil |
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) |
Coleoptera/Curculionidae | Significant larval (85%) and adult (75%) mortality | [134] | ||
| Zinc (Zn) | House Fly | Musca domestica | Diptera/Muscidae | Significantredution in LC10, LC20, LC50 and LC90 values of 4.17, 6.11, 12.73 and 38.90 μg/g of larval diet than control | [135] | |
| Pulse beetle | Callosobruchus maculatus | Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae | Caused 100% mortality at 25 μg/mL | [136] | ||
| Ag | Pink Bollworm | Pectinophora gosypiella | Lepidoptera/Gelechiidae | Reduced (31.2%) female fertility, prevented the adult emergence and stopped the life cycle | [137] | |
| Bacillus subtilis | Ag | Red palm weevil |
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) |
Coleoptera/Curculionidae | Significant larval (77%) and adult (67%) mortality | [134] |
| Bacillus megaterium | Dengue vector/ malarial |
Cx. quinquefasciatus Ae. Aegypti |
Diptera/Culicidae | Mortality decreases as compared to individual compound | [138] | |
| Xenorhabdus ssp | Copper (Cu) | Armyworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | 80% mortality was observed at 100 µl/mL of biosynthesized CuNPs | [139] |
| Xenorhabdus nematophila NP-1 strain | Ag | Armyworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Significantly highest mortality (90%) after 48 h in 100 µg/mL concentration | [140] |
| Entomopathogenic Fungi + Nanoparticles of different metals | ||||||
| Beauveria bassiana | Ag | Dengue vector mosquito | Aedes aegypti | Diptera/Culicidae | The LC50 and LC 90 values were 0.79 and 1.09 with respect to the Ae.aegypti treated with B.bassiana, silver nanoparticles. The highest percentage mortality was found 83.3% | [138] |
| Mustard aphid | Lipaphis erysimi Kalt | Hemiptera/Aphididae | Silver NPs showed the maximum mortality (60–90%) | [141] | ||
| Mustard aphid | Lipaphis erysimi Kalt | Hemiptera/Aphididae | Isolates B4 and B13 showed the maximum mortality (60.088%) | |||
| House fly | Musca domestica | Diptera/Muscidae | Significant mortility of 1st (95–100%), 2nd (70–100%) and 3rd (60–100%) instar larvae of pest | [142] | ||
| Whitefly | Bemisia tabaci | Hemiptera/Aleyrodidae | Green AgNPs of B. bassiana JAU2 gave better insecticidal activity causing 8–97% mortality at different concentrations | [143] | ||
| Zn | Greenhouse whitefly | Trialeurodes vaporariorum | Aleyrodidae/Hemiptera | Mortality rates obtained with ZnO NPs and fungi at the highest concentration were 91.6% and 88.8%, respectively | [144] | |
| Metarhizium anisopliae | Ag | Anopheles culicifacies | Diptera/Culicidae | 50% mortality of Anopheles culicifacies by using silver nanoparticles at 32.8 ppm (I), 39.8 ppm (II), 45.9 ppm (III), 51.9 (IV), and 60.0 ppm (pupa) | [145] | |
| Red palm weevil |
Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) |
Coleoptera/Curculionidae | M. anisopliae mediated silver nanoparticles caused highest % mortality (90%), (95%) and (77%) against eggs, larvae and adults of R. ferrugineus | [134] | ||
| Trichoderma viride | Titanium (Ti) | American Bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | TDNPs exhibited highest mortality rate on first (100%), second (100%) and third (92.34%), instar larvae of H. armigera at 100 ppm | [146] |
| M. anisopliae | Ti | Wax moth | Galleria mellonella | Lepidoptera/Pyralidae | Prodcued highest mortality percentage (82%) | [147] |
| B. bassiana;M. anisopliae; Verticillium lecanii; | Ag | Tortoise beetle, | Cassida vittata | Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae | 3 EPFs caued 47–95% mortality rates within 7 days of exposure | [148] |
| Isaria fumosorosea | zero-valent iron (ZVI) | Whitefly | Bemisia tabaci | Homoptera/Aleyrodidae | Mortality increased with increasing concentrations with highest mortality being at 90.12% for 100 ppm | [149] |
| Sixteen isolates of B. bassiana (13); M. anisopliae (2); I. fumosorosea (1) | Ag | Mealworm | Tenebrio molitor | Coleoptera/Tenebrionidae | B. bassian isolated showed14-94% mortality, M. anisopliae exhibited 78–86% mortality and I. fumosorosea caused 10% mortality | [150] |
| B. bassiana; M. anisopliae; I. fumosorosea | Diamondback moth | Plutella xylostella | Lepidoptera/Plutellidae | The CL50 value of 0.691 mg/mL was determined at 72-h for the 2nd instar larvae of the P. xylostella, causing 78% of cumulative mortality rate | [151] | |
| M. Rileyi | Armyworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Maximum larval mortality was 80% and 78.75% in laboratory and field conditions | [152] | |
| Plant Extracts + Nanoparticles of different metals | ||||||
| Annona muricata | Ag | Mosquitos | Aedes aegypti | Diptera/Culicidae | AgNps exhibited 100% mortality at 48 h observation | [153] |
| Euphorbia prostrata | Rice weevil | Sitophilus oryzae | Coleoptera/Curculionidae | 71–97% mortality at 50–250 mg/kg concentrations of synthesized silver nanoparticles after 14 days of exposure | [154] | |
| Origanum majorana* | Spotted bollworm | Earias insulana | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | More than 60% reduction of Earias insulana infestation | [155] | |
| Hypnea musciformis | Diamondback moth | Plutella xylostella | Lepidoptera/Plutellidae | LC50 from 24.5 to 38.23 ppm for L1 and pupae of P. xylostella | [156] | |
|
Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis |
Gram caterpillar | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Significantly reduced both larval weight and survival rate of H. armigera | [157] | |
| Myriostachya wightiana | Flour beetle | Tribolium castaneum | Coleoptera/Tenebrionidae | Moderate significant efficacy against target pests. After 24 h of exposure, at highest concentration (150 µg) biogenic silver treatment was found to be comparatively toxic and killed 55.2% of T. castaneum, 52.8 ± 0.24% of R. dominica and 47.4 ± 0.16 of S. oryzae insects after 24 h | [158] | |
| Lesser grain borer | Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) | Coleoptera/Bostrichidae | ||||
| Rice weevil | Sitophilus oryzae (L.) | Coleoptera/Curculionidae | ||||
| Datura stramonium and Syzygium aromaticum | khapra beetle | Trogoderma granarium | Coleoptera/Dermestidae | Significanlty highest control 67.89% with biosynthesized nanoparticles | [159] | |
| Ocimum tenuiflorum | American bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | 50% mortality caused at 0.25% contration of biosynthesized AgNPs causes mortality | [160] | |
| Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd | Armyworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | 86.90% and 89.83% antifeedant activity and larvicidal activity of (LC50) 56.42 μg/mL and 63.65 μg/mL against S. litura and H. armigera respectively | [161] | |
| American bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | ||||
| Borago officinalis | Cotton leafworm | Spodoptera littoralis | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | LC50 values of the crude extract, and synthesized AgNPs were 22.6 and 0.33 mg/g respectively | [162] | |
| pomegranate and watermelon peels extracts | Cotton leafworm | Spodoptera littoralis | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | additive effect and synergism recorded in results | [163] | |
| Glochidion eriocarpum | Termite | Odontotermes sp | Isoptera/Termitidae | Strong repellent (80.97%) and antifeedant activity | [164] | |
| Ocimum basilicum | Tobacco cutworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | ObAgNPs were most effective as compared to the selected synthetic chemicals | [165] | |
| Nerium oleander | Common green bottle fly | Lucilia sericata M | Diptera/Calliphoridae | 100% mortality of treated larvae at 50 ppm | [166] | |
| Dicrocephala integrifolia | American bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Significant Larval mortality and pupal mortality was 68.04% and 72.11% respectively | [161] | |
| Armyworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Significant Larval mortality and pupal mortality was 69.76% and 74.30% respectively | |||
| Fusarium pallidoroseum | White grubs | Holotrichia sp | Coleoptera/Scarabaeidae | Lethal dosage (LD50) was significant than control | [167] | |
| Avicennia marina | Silver (Ag) + Lead (Pb) | Rice weevil | Sitophilus oryzae | Coleoptera/Curculionidae | Aroud 90–100% mortality at 25–100 mg/mL concentration | [168] |
| Sargassum wightii | Zn | American bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | LC50 from 12.278 (larva I) to 20.798 ppm (pupa) and also reduced longevity and fecundity | [169] |
| Pongamia pinnata | Pulse beetle | Callosobruchus maculatus | Coleoptera/Chrysomelidae | 100% mortality at 25 μg/mL with LC50 to be 10.85 μg/mL | [170] | |
| Spinach leaves | Rice moth | Corcyra cephalonica (S.) | Lepidoptera/Pyralidae | Increase in larval mortality, pupal mortality and adult deformity | [171] | |
| Adhathoda vasica and Asafoetida | American bollworm | Helicoverpa armigera | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae | Asafoetida based zinc nanoparticles were More than 80% 2nd instar larval moratliy | [172] | |
| Eucalyptus globulus L | Lesser grain borer | Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) | Coleoptera/Bostrichidae | LC50 for leaf extract of E. globulus and ZnONPs were 1043.06 and 202.11 ppm respectively | [173] | |
| Zingiber officinale | Armyworm | Spodoptera litura | Lepidoptera/Noctuidae |
The 3rd instar larvae of S. litura and adults of M. euphorbiae showed 100% mortality 500 ppm |
[174] | |
| Potato aphid | Macrosiphum euphorbiae | Hemiptera/Aphididae | ||||
| Punica granatum | Cu | Green peach aphid | Myzus persicae | Hemiptera/Aphididae | There was 40–86% mortality at different concentrations (250–8000 μg/mL) | [175] |
|
Blumea balsamifera LINN |
Fruit Fly | Bactrocera dorsalis (HENDEL) | Diptera/Tephritidae | Mortality rates ranged from 25–100% within only 12 h exposure | [176] | |
| Tulasi leaves | Rice moth | Corcyra cephalonica (S.) | Lepidoptera/Pyralidae | Increase in larval mortality, pupal mortality and adult deformity | [171] | |
| Grewia asiatica L | Termite | Heterotermes indicola | Coleoptera/Rhinotermitidae | Significant mortality at 100 ppm | [177] | |
| Rice hust | Silica (SiO2) | Rice moth | Corcyra cephalonica (S.) | Lepidoptera/Pyralidae | Increase in larval mortality, pupal mortality and adult deformity | [171] |
| Entomopathogenic Nematodes + Nanoparticles of Different metals | ||||||
|
Steinernema feltiae EPNs |
Silver (Ag) Gold (Au) Copper (Cu) |
Lesser mealworm | Alphitobius diaperinus | Coleoptera/Tenebrionidae | Nematodes and nanoparticles caused a high mortality and the extensity of infection in host larvae, from 12 to 100% and from 8 to 83% respectively | [178] |
| Steinernema carpocapsae | ZnO, TiO2 and Fe3O4 | Wax moth | Galleria mellonella | Lepidoptera/Pyralidae | Survival rate of nematodes decreased with increased concentrations, with no difference between NPs. But both have the significant mortality on wax moth. Nanoparticles had less influence on survival of infective juveniles | [179] |