Table 4.
The influence of nanoparticles on plant pathogenic fungi
| NPs | Sources | Targeted Fungi | Order/Family | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ag | M. azedarach | Colletotrichum sp. | Glomerellales/Glomerellaceae |
At 100 mg/ml concentration, Inhibition of radial growth (40.16 ± 2.35) % was observed AgNPs showed a pronounced antifungal potential with EC50 values ranged between 18.4 and 22.8 µg/mL |
[266] |
| Fusarium solani | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Alternaria alternate | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ||||
| Macrophomina phaseolina | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | ||||
| R. solani | Cantharellales/Ceratobasidiaceae | [267] | |||
| B. cinerea | Helotiales and Sclerotiniaceae | ||||
| F. oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Acidovorax oryzae | Burkholderiales/Comamonadaceae | [268] | |||
| Streptomyces griseoplanus SAI-25 | Macrophomina phaseolina | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | Highest zone of inhibition (13 mm) was found at concentration of (1000 µg/mL) | [269] | |
| Rhizospheric microflora of chickpea | F. oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | Highest growth inhibition (95%) was found in vitro at dosage of 100 µg/mL | [264] | |
| Trichoderma harzianum | F. oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | 100% growth inhibition of F. oxysporum was observed at 100 ppm | [270] | |
| T. harzianum | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | Sclerotia were formed from the precursor sclerotium at the edges of the control plate with a mean of 116.5 ± 7.7 sclerotia. AgNP-TS and AgNP-T plates exhibited no new sclerotia and reduction in mycelial growth | [271] | |
| T. harzianum | Alternaria alternata | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | Mycelial diameter for A. alternata was reduced 18% at 5 ppm, 42% at 10 ppm and 52% at 20 ppm. Mycelial growth of P. oryzae was reduced 22%, 46% and 68% for each respective nanoparticle’s concentration | [272] | |
| Pyricularia oryzae | Burkholderiales/Comamonadaceae | ||||
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | ||||
| Streptomyces capillispiralis Ca-1, and Streptomyces zaomyceticus Oc-5 | Alternaria alternata | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | Highest growth inhibition (75%) was observed at concentration of 2 mM | [273] | |
| Fusarium oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Pythium ultimum | Peronosporales/Pythiaceae | ||||
| Aspergillus niger | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | ||||
| Strawberry waste | Fusarium oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | The highest concentration (18 µg ml−1) of NPs exhibited the inhibition zone of 22.3 mm | [249] | |
| Melia azedarach | F. oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | Growth inhibition (79–98%) was observed | [274] | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Botrytis cinerea | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | At the concentration of 100 ppm, maximum growth inhibition was observed up to 65.36% | [275] | |
| Pilidium concavum | Helotiales/Leotiomycetidae | ||||
| Pestalotia sp | Xylariales/Amphisphaeriaceae | ||||
| T. harzianum Th3 | Aspergillus niger | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | Mycelial growth inhibited up to 60–65% | [276] | |
| Sclerotium rolfsii | Atheliales/Atheliaceae | ||||
| Macrophomina phaseolina | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | ||||
| Dioscorea bulbifera | F. oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | Highest inhibition (98–100%) was expressed at concentration of 100 ppm | [240] | |
| Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Incertae sedis/ Glomerellaceae | ||||
| Bacillus subtilis | Cercospora canescens | Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae | The highest mycelial inhibition (94.00 ± 0.5) was observed at dosage of 800 ppm at 96 h | [277] | |
| Bamboo leaf extract | Bipolaris maydis | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | Complete inhibition of conidia germination (100%) was detected at concentration of 100 μg/mL | [278] | |
| Exserohilum turcicum | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ||||
| Curvularia lunata | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ||||
| Au | Glechoma hederacea L. extract | Fusarium oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | Zone of inhibition exhibited by AuNPs against tested pathogens ranges from 30 to 66%and 40 to 54% respectively | [279] |
| Aspergillus niger | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | [280] | |||
| Annona muricata | Aspergillus flaws | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | Zone of inhibition (30—66%) was observed | [279] | |
| Fusarium oxysperium | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Phoma sp. | Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA | Cantharellales/Ceratobasidiaceae | Growth inhibition (93%) was found at concentration of 80 μg/mL | [245] | |
| Zn | Aloe vera extract | Alternaria alternata, | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ZnNPs at both concentrations of 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L expressed inhibition zone of 50% and 54% respectively | [281] |
| Aspergillus niger | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | ||||
| Botrytis cinerea | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | ||||
| Fusarium oxysporum | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Alternaria mali | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ||||
| Botryosphaeria dothidea | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | [282] | |||
| Diplodia seriata | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | ||||
| Scadoxus multiflorus | Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | Zinc oxide nanoparticles expressed significant antifungal potency against A. flavus, with 75% inhibition at 500 ppm and 76% inhibition at 1000 ppm, while A. niger resulted in 57% and 63% growth reduction, respectively | [283] | |
| Morus nigra and Grevillea robusta | Cercospora beticola | Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae | Nanoparticles led to activation and recorded high POD value up to 6 min and polyphenoloxidase up to 4 min estimation periods compared to control and expressed as role in defense against CLS disease | [284] | |
| Strawberry Plants | Botrytis cinerea | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | The most effective concentrations were 26 and 42 mg/ml for non-calcinated and calcinated zinc oxide nanoparticles, respectively. Inhibition in the fungal growth enhanced with the increase in the concentration of NPs | [285] | |
| Sargassum vulgare | Aspergillus sp. | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | At concentration of 25 μg/mL, 25 mm inhibition zone was found | [286] | |
| Candida sp. | Hyphomicrobiales/Rhizobiaceae | ||||
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Saccharomycetales/Saccharomycetaceae | ||||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Alternaria alternata | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | Significantly reduced the mycelial growth (20 mm inhibition zone) | [272] | |
| Pyricularia oryzae | Burkholderiales/Comamonadaceae | ||||
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | ||||
| Seed coat of almond | Rhizoctonia solani | Cantharellales/Ceratobasidiaceae | Reduction of pathogen growth up to 100% | [287] | |
| Cu | Magnolia leaf extract | Botryosphaeria dothidea | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | Mycelial growth inhbited up to 22 mm | [288] |
| Diplodia seriata | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | ||||
| Colletotrichum gloeosporioides | Glomerellales/Glomerellaceae | ||||
| Colletotrichum lindemuthianum | Glomerellales/Glomerellaceae | ||||
| Drechslera sorghicola | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ||||
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. carthami | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cicero | Hypocreales/Nectriaceae | ||||
| Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. | Hypocreales/ Nectriaceae | ||||
| Citrus sinesis |
Colletotrichum Capsici |
Glomerellales/Glomerellaceae |
Maximum antifungal activity (28.00 ± 081 mm diameter) was observed at dosage of 200 ppm |
[289] | |
| Azadirachta indica | Alternaria mali | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | More than 40% of mycelial growth inhibition was found at 1 g/mL of all the fractions | [290] | |
| Diplodia seriata | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | ||||
| Botryosphaeria dothidea | Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae | ||||
| Trichoderma harzianum | Alternaria alternata | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | Mycelial diameter for A. alternata was reduced 18% at 5 ppm, 42% at 10 ppm and 52% at 20 ppm | [272] | |
| Pyricularia oryzae | Burkholderiales/Comamonadaceae | ||||
| Sclerotinia sclerotiorum | Helotiales/Sclerotiniaceae | ||||
| Aspergillus flavus | Aspergillus niger | Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | Growth inhibition was reduced by 19% at 6 ppm, 40% at 12 ppm and 55% at 20 ppm | [291] | |
| Fusariumoxy sporum | Hypocreales/ Nectriaceae | ||||
| Alternaria alternata | Pleosporales/Pleosporaceae | ||||
| Kappaphycus alvarezii |
Colletotrichum Capsici |
Glomerellales/Glomerellaceae | Complete growth inhibition observed at concentration of 100 ppm | [292] | |
| Macrophomina phaseolina | Fusarium verticillioides | Hypocreales/ Nectriaceae | 100% growth inhibition observed at concentration of 50 ppm | [293] | |
| Sclerotium rolfsii | Atheliales/Atheliaceae | ||||
| Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride | Phytophthora parasitica | Peronosporales/Peronosporaceae | Maximum percent inhibition ( 74.8%) was observed at 150 mg/L | [294] | |
| Grewia asiatica L |
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae |
Eurotiales/Trichocomaceae | Significant inhibition was recorded at 20 mm and 23 mm due to Maximum | [177] |