Table 5.

The influence of nanoparticles on plant viral and nematode disease suppression

Type of EPB	Metal	Target Virus	Genome	Order/Family	Efficacy	Reference
Virus section
Different plant extracts + Nanoparticles of different metals
Spearmint	ZnNPs	TMV	+ ssRNA	Virgaviridae	Strong antiviral activity at a concentration of ca ~ 50 ppm	[304]
Ginger Horsemint	SiNPs	TYLCV	ssDNA	Geminiviradae	Suppression of TYLV infection at 100 μg/ml of PPE-AuNPs	[295]
Plant flavonol	AuNPs	TMV	+ ssRNA	Virgaviridae	Enhanced Antiviral activity and limit the traditional chemicals applications when plants treated with Rugby 60% (4 mL/L)	[305]
Salicylic acid Seaweed	AgNPs ZnNPs	PVY CMV	+ ssRNA	PotyviridaeBromoviridae	Decrease viral infection and increase in growth and yield at 7.89 μg/ml (LC50)	[297]
Entomopathogenic/bacteria/viruses + Nanoparticles of different metals
Pseudomonas fluorescens	AgNPs	TMV	+ ssRNA	Virgaviridae	Antiviral activity at 100 μl AgNPs	[306]
Bacteriophage	AgNPs AuNPs	BaYMV	+ ssRNA	Potyviridae	Enhance resistance against BaYMV 100–120 μl AgNPs/AuNPs	[307]
Bacillus thuringiensis	AgNPs	SHRV	+ ssRNA	Virgaviridae	Complete viral disease suppression at 20 μg per pot	[308]
Bacillus licheniformis	AgNPs	BYMV	+ ssRNA	Potyviridae	Antiviral activity at (1: 0.5 v/v)	[300]
Chitosan	Dextran nanoparticles (D-NPs	AMV	+ ssRNA	Bromoviridae	Strong elicitor for viral disease control at 100 µg/mL	[303]
chitosan Schiff	AgNPs	TMV	+ ssRNA	Virgaviridae	Inhibit virus replication and severity at 100 µg/ml application	[302]
Virus-Capsid	AgNPs	CPMV	+ ssRNA	Comoviridae	Virus control at 75 mg/L	[309]
Recombinase	AuNPs	TYLCV	ssDNA	Geminiviradae	Highly sensitive in virus detection and diagnosis at 100 µg/mL foliar application	[310]
dsRNA-Virus	Chitosan	ToMV	+ ssRNA	Virgaviridae	Decrease toxicity at 17 mg/mL	[311]

Nematode Section
Different plant extracts + Nanoparticles of different metals
Type of EPB	Metal	Target Nematode	Family	Order	Efficacy	Reference
Pomegranate	AuNPs	C. elegans	Rhabditidae	Rhabditida	Adversely affect the fertility of C. elegans at 100 μg/mL	[312]
Bermuda grass	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Nematode production was limited at 17 mg/mL	[313]
African locust bean	AuNPs	B. xylophilus	Parasitaphelenchidae	Aphelenchida	Inhibited the growth of nematodes after 72 h, the mortality range ranged from 87.00% to 98.50% at 150 μg/mL	[314]
Jacob’s coat	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Reduction in nematode population and retard movement of larvae at 21.70 µg/mL	[315]
Strawberry	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Antinematicidal effect at 1–100 μg/L	[239]
Ginger	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Restrict nematode infection at EC50 = 3.7 μM and improved plant growth	[316]
Drumstick tree	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Reduce number of nematodes and their eggs at 300 ul and 400 ul concentrations	[317]
Cassod tree	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Have nematicidal activity and is cost-effective at 7.89 μg/mL (LC50)	[318]
Geen Algae	AgNPs	M. javanica	Heteroderidae		Strong nematicides at 4 mL/L	[319]
Neem	AgNPs	H. contortus	Trichostrongylidae		Exhibited potent anthelmintic properties at LC50 (588.54 μg/mL)	[320]
Cnidoscolus aconitifolius	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Limit M. incognita number at 5 mL/L and enhance host plant growth	[321]
Lemon grass	FeO-NPs	C. elegans	Rhabditidae	Rhabditida	Effectively control the C. elegans population at 1–100 μg/L	[322]
Fresh water Cladophora glomerata and marine alga Ulva fasciata	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Significant egg hatching and J2 mortality (up to 100%) compared with Nemaphose (40%) at 17 mg/mL	[323]
Eucalyptus	NPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Reduce nematode population at 4–6 mL/L and increased vegetative growth of host plant	[324]
Neem Turmeric	NPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Significant mortality of J2-nematode at 70–100 µg/mL	[325]
Common mallow	AgNPs	M. javanica	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Antinematicidal effect at 100 µg/mL	[326]
Pencil cactus	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Infestation of M. incognita significantly reduced after exposure at (100 ppm) concentration	[327]
Chinaberry Drumstick tree	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Strong nematicidal activity against M. incognita at 25 μg/mL	[328]
Colpomenia sinuosa and Corallina mediterranea	AgNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Significant mortality (87.5%) after 12 h and 100% after 24 and 72 with 100 and 200 ppm	[329]
Ulva fasciata	ZnNPs + oxamyl	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Significant diminution of J2s (82.77%) in soil and galls number (81.87%) in vivo conditions	[330]
Orobanche aegyptiaca	Cu	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Significantly enhanced nematicidal activity at 50 μg/mL	[331]
Entomopathogenic fungus + Nanoparticles of different metals
Sea lettuce brown algae	AgNPs				Effectively controlled nematodes at 17 mg/mL	[332]
Fusarium oxysporum	SiNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	Limit nematode reproduction, gall formation and egg masses with 100 and 200 ppm	[333]
Duddingtonia flagrans	AgNPs	A. caninum	Ancylostomatidae		Showed nematicides activity, penetrate into the cuticle of the larvae and kill the nematode LC50 (25 μg/mL)	[334]
Neuronal Gα- protein	PS-NPs	C. elegans	Rhabditidae		Control neuron response of the organism at 1–100 μg/L	[335]
Virus-Capsid	TMGMV-NPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	control parasitic nematode at EC50 = 13.8 μM	[336]
Bacteria + Nanoparticles of different metals
Bacillus licheniformis strain GPI-2	AuNPs	M. incognita	Heteroderidae	Tylenchida	100% mortality at EC50 = 3.7 μM	[337]