Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to energy-adjusted dietary total antioxidant capacity.
| Characteristics | Energy-Adjusted Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (Diet + Dietary Supplements) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (n = 93,746) |
Quintile 2 (n = 93,747) |
Quintile 3 (n = 93,747) |
Quintile 4 (n = 93,747) |
Quintile 5 (n = 93,746) |
p Value | |
| Age (years) | 61.3 ± 5.4 1 | 61.6 ± 5.4 | 61.6 ± 5.4 | 61.7 ± 5.4 | 61.5 ± 5.3 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 ± 5.1 | 27.3 ± 5.0 | 27.2 ± 5.1 | 26.9 ± 5.0 | 26.5 ± 5.1 | <0.0001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1688.7 ± 718.1 | 1782.2 ± 697.2 | 1850.7 ± 711.6 | 1833.2 ± 689.5 | 1639.0 ± 640.4 | <0.0001 |
| Sex | <0.0001 | |||||
| Male | 62,626 (66.8) | 58,054 (61.9) | 55,475 (59.2) | 53,540 (57.1) | 48,668 (51.9) | |
| Female | 31,120 (33.2) | 35,693 (38.1) | 38,272 (40.8) | 40,207 (42.9) | 45,078 (48.1) | |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.0001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 85,786 (93.0) | 86,061 (93.0) | 84,796 (91.7) | 84,936 (91.9) | 86,599 (93.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3485 (3.8) | 3672 (4.0) | 4188 (4.5) | 3925 (4.3) | 2595 (2.8) | |
| Hispanic | 1791 (1.9) | 1643 (1.8) | 1886 (2.0) | 1828 (2.0) | 1735 (1.9) | |
| Other | 1196 (1.3) | 1184 (1.3) | 1624 (1.8) | 1722 (1.9) | 1668 (1.8) | |
| Education | <0.0001 | |||||
| Less than 11 years | 7431 (8.2) | 5792 (6.4) | 5426 (6.0) | 5284 (5.8) | 3673 (4.0) | |
| High school graduate | 21,687 (23.9) | 19,172 (21.0) | 18,275 (20.1) | 17,631 (19.4) | 14,838 (16.3) | |
| Some college or other post-HS training | 31,917 (35.1) | 30,674 (33.6) | 30,723 (33.8) | 30,573 (33.7) | 30,986 (34.0) | |
| College graduate | 29,853 (32.9) | 35,588 (39.0) | 36,561 (40.2) | 37,310 (41.1) | 41,553 (45.6) | |
| Marital status | <0.0001 | |||||
| Married | 67,319 (72.6) | 66,503 (71.5) | 64,443 (69.3) | 63,113 (67.9) | 60,051 (64.5) | |
| Widowed, divorced, or separated | 21,492 (23.2) | 22,303 (24.0) | 24,036 (25.9) | 25,174 (27.1) | 28,129 (30.2) | |
| Unmarried | 3931 (4.2) | 4230 (4.6) | 4496 (4.8) | 4676 (5.0) | 4932 (5.3) | |
| Physical activity 2 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never/rarely | 23,095 (25.0) | 17,286 (18.6) | 16,076 (17.4) | 14,875 (16.0) | 13,109 (14.1) | |
| 1–3 times/mo | 15,224 (16.5) | 13,361 (14.4) | 12,681 (13.7) | 11,664 (12.6) | 10,975 (11.8) | |
| 1–2 times/wk | 20,248 (21.9) | 21,030 (22.7) | 20,457 (22.1) | 20,217 (21.8) | 19,172 (20.6) | |
| 3–4 times/wk | 20,475 (22.2) | 24,709 (26.7) | 25,538 (27.6) | 26,681 (28.8) | 28,176 (30.3) | |
| ≥5 times/wk | 13,336 (14.4) | 16,338 (17.6) | 17,906 (19.3) | 19,273 (20.8) | 21,535 (23.2) | |
| Alcoholic beverage intake (g/day) 3 | <0.0001 | |||||
| None | 45,378 (48.4) | 43,092 (46.0) | 43,620 (46.5) | 43,563 (46.5) | 44,492 (47.5) | |
| Low | 21,907 (23.4) | 24,256 (25.9) | 25,013 (26.7) | 25,300 (27.0) | 25,245 (26.9) | |
| High | 26,461 (28.2) | 26,399 (28.2) | 25,114 (26.8) | 24,884 (26.5) | 24,009 (25.6) | |
| Smoking | <0.0001 | |||||
| Never | 27,304 (30.3) | 32,620 (36.2) | 34,740 (38.6) | 35,128 (38.9) | 34,667 (38.4) | |
| Former | 46,171 (51.3) | 46,963 (52.0) | 45,523 (50.5) | 45,511 (50.5) | 46,877 (51.9) | |
| Current | 16,532 (18.4) | 10,657 (11.8) | 9835 (10.9) | 9563 (10.6) | 8832 (9.8) | |
| History of heart disease | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 80,430 (85.8) | 80,351 (85.7) | 80,781 (86.2) | 80,885 (86.3) | 81,261 (86.7) | |
| Yes | 13,316 (14.2) | 13,396 (14.3) | 12,966 (13.8) | 12,862 (13.7) | 12,485 (13.3) | |
| History of stroke | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 91,455 (97.6) | 91,767 (97.9) | 91,792 (97.9) | 91,860 (98.0) | 92,094 (98.2) | |
| Yes | 2291 (2.4) | 1980 (2.1) | 1955 (2.1) | 1887 (2.0) | 1652 (1.8) | |
| History of diabetes | <0.0001 | |||||
| No | 83,932 (89.5) | 84,622 (90.3) | 85,179 (90.9) | 85,707 (91.4) | 86,758 (92.6) | |
| Yes | 9814 (10.5) | 9125 (9.7) | 8568 (9.1) | 8040 (8.6) | 6988 (7.5) | |
1 All values are presented as mean ± SD or n (%). 2 Physical activities lasted for ≥20 min in the past 12 months that caused increases in breathing or heart rate or worked up a sweat. 3 Alcoholic beverage intake was divided equally in half (low or high) among alcoholic beverage drinkers.