Table 2.
Antioxidant intakes according to energy-adjusted dietary total antioxidant capacity.
| Antioxidant | Energy-Adjusted Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity (Diet + Dietary Supplements) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (n = 93,746) |
Quintile 2 (n = 93,747) |
Quintile 3 (n = 93,747) |
Quintile 4 (n = 93,747) |
Quintile 5 (n = 93,746) |
|
| From diet | |||||
| Alpha-carotene (μg) | 589.7 ± 731.7 | 858.6 ± 1018.5 | 1012.8 ± 1209.6 | 1063.1 ± 1305.6 | 1117.9 ± 1418.1 |
| Beta-carotene (μg) | 2630.2 ± 2161 | 3786 ± 3043.7 | 4503.7 ± 3757 | 4705.9 ± 4178.3 | 4822.1 ± 4353.8 |
| Beta-cryptoxanthin (μg) | 90.1 ± 59.8 | 165.8 ± 93.4 | 221.1 ± 140.3 | 237 ± 189.5 | 224.1 ± 177.3 |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin (μg) | 1920.3 ± 1559.4 | 2728.6 ± 2278.8 | 3251.6 ± 2876 | 3371.8 ± 3221.8 | 3379.9 ± 3247.2 |
| Lycopene (μg) | 5568.7 ± 4430.5 | 6895.8 ± 5641.2 | 7705.9 ± 6984 | 7802.4 ± 7749.8 | 7426.8 ± 7454.4 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 7.1 ± 3.4 | 7.5 ± 3.5 | 7.5 ± 3.5 | 6.9 ± 3.3 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 81.5 ± 38.5 | 136.2 ± 57.4 | 174.9 ± 87.2 | 184.6 ± 116.7 | 175.4 ± 109.4 |
| Flavonoids (mg) | 54.6 ± 25.3 | 103.4 ± 36.6 | 154.3 ± 62.5 | 179.7 ± 109.5 | 176.3 ± 117.5 |
| Flavonols | 11.9 ± 6.8 | 17.1 ± 8.2 | 22.4 ± 10.4 | 24.9 ± 14.3 | 24.5 ± 14.9 |
| Flavones | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.9 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.0 |
| Flavanones | 15.4 ± 14.4 | 34.8 ± 24.4 | 49.5 ± 37 | 53.8 ± 50.9 | 50.3 ± 47.6 |
| Flavan-3-ols | 19.5 ± 14.3 | 38.3 ± 29.7 | 65.6 ± 51.7 | 83.5 ± 86.7 | 83.7 ± 95.8 |
| Anthocyanidins | 6.8 ± 6.7 | 11.8 ± 10.9 | 15.3 ± 15.2 | 16.0 ± 17.2 | 16.1 ± 16.4 |
| Isoflavones | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 |
| From dietary supplements | |||||
| Beta-carotene (μg) | 166.1 ± 379.9 | 335.5 ± 527.3 | 494.6 ± 695.0 | 886.0 ± 1125.7 | 1525.8 ± 1626.4 |
| Vitamin E (a-TE) | 11.7 ± 40.7 | 29.4 ± 67.2 | 48.5 ± 83.6 | 93.7 ± 99.5 | 168.7 ± 119.9 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 15.3 ± 29.6 | 40.1 ± 55.2 | 99.8 ± 129.7 | 351.6 ± 250 | 982.1 ± 420.8 |
| Total antioxidant capacity (mg VCE) |
205.0 ± 73.6 | 375.4 ± 79.7 | 574.6 ± 123.3 | 899.8 ± 182.1 | 1537.9 ± 379.9 |
| From diet | 186.4 ± 73.2 | 327.1 ± 97.4 | 461.4 ± 162.5 | 522.2 ± 273.6 | 509.0 ± 283.9 |
| From carotenoids | 4.5 ± 3.0 | 5.8 ± 3.9 | 6.6 ± 4.8 | 6.7 ± 5.4 | 6.5 ± 5.2 |
| From vitamin E | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 0.9 |
| From vitamin C | 81.5 ± 38.5 | 136.2 ± 57.4 | 174.9 ± 87.2 | 184.6 ± 116.7 | 175.4 ± 109.4 |
| From flavonoids | 98.8 ± 46.3 | 183.2 ± 73.6 | 277.9 ± 126.9 | 328.8 ± 222.2 | 325.2 ± 242.8 |
| From dietary supplements | 18.6 ± 33.8 | 48.3 ± 61.6 | 113.2 ± 136.8 | 377.6 ± 261.6 | 1028.8 ± 432.1 |
| From beta-carotene | 0.04 ± 0.10 | 0.08 ± 0.13 | 0.12 ± 0.18 | 0.22 ± 0.28 | 0.38 ± 0.41 |
| From vitamin E | 3.2 ± 11.2 | 8.1 ± 18.5 | 13.3 ± 23.0 | 25.8 ± 27.4 | 46.4 ± 33.0 |
| From vitamin C | 15.3 ± 29.6 | 40.1 ± 55.2 | 99.8 ± 129.7 | 351.6 ± 250 | 982.1 ± 420.8 |