Table 2.

Bioprinting techniques and their advantages and disadvantages in vascularization.

Bioprinting Technique	Advantages	Limitations	References
Inkjet bioprinting	Optimal for complex network structures. Cost-effective.	Heat and mechanical stress may impact cells incorporated in the printing process.	[16,17]
Extrusion-based	Optimal for printing small perfusable networks.	Not optimal for printing with cells, as larger nozzles are required for print.	[18]
Laser-assisted	Optimal for cell viability maintenance and increased precision printing. Can use viscous materials.	Inefficient for printing larger vessels.	[17,19]
Stereolithographic	Optimal for printing crosslinked solid polymers accurate to desired design.	Not optimal for printing directly with cells, as UV light exposure can trigger cell death. Not optimal for prints smaller than 300 $\mathsf{\mu }$m.	[17,20,21]