Table 1.

Overview of clinical studies on probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics in particular diseases.

Probiotic Strain/Prebiotic/Synbiotic	Disorder
-Lactobacillus paracasei B 21060 or L. rhamnosus GG [22] -Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I-745 [23] -Enterococcus faecium SF68 [24]	Treatment of acute diarrhea in adults
-Yogurt with L. casei DN114, L. bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus [25,26] -Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and L. casei (Bio-K+ CL1285) [25,26]	Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD)
-Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and L. casei LBC80R [27,28,29] -Yogurt with L. casei DN114 and L. bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus [27,28,29]	Prevention of Clostridioides-difficile–associated diarrhea (or the prevention of recurrence)
-Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [30] -Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis Bb12, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG [31]	Coadjuvant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication
-Mixture containing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis, B. longum, B. breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. Thermophilus [32,33,34] -Lactobacillus acidophilus plus Bifidobacterium bifidum [33,34,35]	Prevention of diarrhea associated with radiotherapy
-Shen Jia fiber plus Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in tablets [36]	Prevention of diarrhea associated with enteral nutrition
-Lactulose [37] -Mixture containing strains of L. plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis, B. longum, B. breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. Thermophilus [38,39]	Hepatic encephalopathy
-Lactobacillus casei, L. rhamnosus, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, L. acidophilus, B. longum, and L. bulgaricus, plus fructooligosaccharide [40]	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
-Bifidobacterium bifidum MIMBb75 [41,42] -Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (DSM 9843) [43,44]	Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
-Bifidobacterium bifidum (KCTC 12199BP), B. lactis (KCTC 11904BP), B. longum (KCTC 12200BP), Lactobacillus acidophilus (KCTC 11906BP), L. rhamnosus (KCTC 12202BP), and Streptococcus thermophilus (KCTC 11870BP) [45] -Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 [46]	Functional constipation
-Lactobacillus casei subsp. DG [47]	Uncomplicated symptomatic diverticular disease
-Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota in fermented milk [48]	Small-bowel injury due to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
-Mixture containing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis, B. longum, B. breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus [49,50] -Mixture containing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis, B. longum, B. breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus [49]	Pouchitis
-Mixture containing strains of Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium infantis, B. longum, B. breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus [51] -Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 [52,53]	Ulcerative colitis