Table 2.
Bioactive compounds obtained from CBS using different extraction methods, all data, expressed on a dry weight basis.
| Extraction Method | Value | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant activity | Ethanol, methanol–acetone, water, UAE, MAE | 2.5–218 µM TE/g CBS | [28,30,39,48] |
| Total phenolic content | Ethanol, methanol–acetone, water, methanol, acetone, UAE, SWE, PEF, MAE | 5.8–154.4 mg GAE/g CBS | [30,32,40,61,63,79,80] |
| Total flavonoid content | Ethanol, acetone, methanol, PEF | 1.6–43.9 mg CE/g CBS | [39,40] |
| Total tannin content | Ethanol, acetone, methanol, PEF | 0.8–25.3 mg CE/g CBS | [39,40] |
| Total dietary fibre | Ethanol, acetone, methanol | 51.8–56.7 g/100 g CBS | [32] |
| Soluble dietary fibre | Ethanol, acetone, methanol | 14.5–16.2 g/100 g CBS | [32] |
| Insoluble dietary fibre | Ethanol, acetone, methanol | 35.6–42.1 g/100 g CBS | [32] |
| Theobromine | Ethanol, methanol, water, UAE, SWE, PEF, MAE | 1.3–11.6 mg/g CBS | [28,30,40,42,79,80,83] |
| Caffeine | UAE, SWE, PEF, MAE | 0.1–4.2 mg/g CBS | [30,40,42,50] |
| Theophylline | SWE | Traces-0.2 mg/g CBS | [42] |
| Catechin | Ethanol, water, methanol, PHWE | 0.2–6.1 mg/g CBS | [49,61,83,85] |
| Epicatechin | Ethanol, methanol, water, PEF, MAE, PHWE | 0.3–17.7 mg/g CBS | [28,40,48,61,83] |
| Procyanidin B1 | Ethanol, water | 0.5–0.8 mg/g CBS | [48] |
| Procyanidin B2 | Ethanol, water | 0.2–0.9 mg/g CBS | [48] |
| Protocatechuic acid | Ethanol, water, MAE | 0.9–2.1 mg/g CBS | [28,48] |
| Caffeic acid | Ethanol, water, methanol, MAE | Traces-0.9 mg/g CBS | [28,61] |
| Ferulic acid | MAE | 0.3–0.5 mg/g CBS | [28] |
MAE: Microwave-assisted extraction; PEF: Pulsed-electric-field-assisted extraction; PHWE: Pressurized hot water extraction; SWE: Subcritical water extraction; UAE: Ultrasound-assisted extraction.