Table 1.

Summary of the functions and effects of substances for improving the efficiency of BM-MSC therapy.

Substances	Differentiation Direction	Functions and Effects	References
N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)	Osteoblast	Decreased apoptosis Increased survival Increased GSH level Enhanced bone regeneration	[120]
Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)	Dopaminergic neurons	Decreased cell death Increased upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase Increased dopamine release	[121]
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)	Chondrocyte	Decreased apoptosis Increased cell proliferation Increased chondrogenic condensation and markers	[122]
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)	Chondrocyte	Decreased apoptosis Increased cell proliferation Increased chondrogenic condensation and markers	[122]
	Osteoblast	Induction of osteoblastic differentiation	[123]