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. 2023 May 10;12(5):1075. doi: 10.3390/antiox12051075

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The link between mitochondrial life cycle and PGC-1α. Mitochondrial biogenesis is initiated by an energetic imbalance sensed by two pathways: AMPK and SIRT1. Increased expression or activity of the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis PGC-1α activates the expression of NRF-1/2, which induces the expression of TFAM, which translocates to mitochondria, binds to mtDNA, and activates transcription and replication. An increase in OXPHOS proteins reduces ROS generation in mitochondria. Mitochondrial fusion and fission dynamics are also affected by ROS. Dysfunctional mitochondria can be eliminated through a process known as mitophagy. Adapted with permission from Ref. [79], Copyright year 2017, copyright Portland Press LTD. Created with BioRender.com, agreement No: PV25C9IVVA.