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. 2023 Apr 28;12(5):826. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics12050826

Table 1.

Shikonin mitigates gentamicin-triggered renal dysfunction.

Parameter CON SKN GTM VEH SKL SKM SKH
Serum

  • Creatinine (mg/dL)

 0.60 ± 0.08 *** 0.62 ± 0.09 3.50 ± 0.47 3.47 ± 0.64 2.90 ± 0.31 **+++ 1.75 ± 0.19 ***+++ 0.82 ± 0.06 ***

  • BUN (mg/dL)

 19.98 ± 1.86 *** 19.32 ± 1.95 59.64 ± 6.61 59.16 ± 10.03 51.97 ± 4.84 +++ 40.17 ± 3.51 ***+++ 30.03 ± 6.47 ***

  • Cystatin-C (ng/mL)

 16.90 ± 1.85 *** 16.89 ± 1.32 71.94 ± 9.69 71.94 ± 10.94 58.92 ± 10.93 *+++ 40.59 ± 8.33 ***++ 26.00 ± 5.83 ***
Renal tissue

  • KIM-1 (pg/mg tissue protein)

 5.19 ± 0.50 *** 5.13 ± 0.42 21.50 ± 4.93 21.21 ± 4.61 17.63 ± 3.02 +++ 14.19 ± 2.62 ***+ 9.405 ± 1.24 ***
Urine

  • Urine volume (ml/24 h)

 8.23 ± 0.48 *** 8.27 ± 0.76 14.48 ± 3.06 14.38 ± 3.11 12.16 ± 1.22 + 11.27 ± 1.75 ** 9.15 ± 0.71 ***

  • Urine flow (μL/min)

 5.71 ± 0.34 *** 5.74 ± 0.53 10.06 ± 2.12 9.98 ± 2.16 8.45 ± 0.85 + 7.83 ± 1.22 ** 6.36 ± 0.50 ***

  • Creatinine (mg/dL)

 57.24 ± 5.40 *** 57.71 ± 4.58 30.36 ± 3.08 30.50 ± 4.88 36.51 ± 3.75 +++ 43.04 ± 5.62 ***++ 52.57 ± 7.54 ***

  • Cystatin-C (ng/mL)

 14.18 ± 1.05 *** 14.07 ± 1.46 78.04 ± 14.82 78.80 ± 16.51 69.81 ± 7.43 +++ 52.80 ± 7.79 ***+ 39.10 ± 5.51 ***

  • Albumin (μg/mL)

 1.96 ± 0.36 *** 1.98 ± 0.34 12.69 ± 2.07 12.57 ± 2.93 10.02 ± 1.09 **+++ 8.49 ± 1.20 ***++ 5.64 ± 1.12 ***

  • Calcium (mg/dL)

 4.29 ± 0.40 *** 4.44 ± 0.42 11.41 ± 0.89 11.52 ± 1.08 9.547 ± 1.57 **+++ 8.65 ± 0.81 ***++ 6.86 ± 0.68 ***
GFR (mL/min) 0.56 ± 0.12 *** 0.55 ± 0.09 0.09 ± 0.03 0.09 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.01 +++ 0.19 ± 0.03 *+++ 0.41 ± 0.10 ***
KSI (%) 0.35 ± 0.02 *** 0.35 ± 0.03 0.49 ± 0.05 0.49 ± 0.05 0.47 ± 0.05 +++ 0.44 ± 0.04 *+ 0.38 ± 0.04 ***

The results were expressed as mean ± SD. CON, normal rats administered PBS i.p., SKN, the negative control group, which were orally treated with 25 mg/kg/day of shikonin dissolved in 1% DMSO for seven days, one h after the PBS injection, GTM, renal injury-induced rats by i.p. injection of 100 mg/kg/day gentamicin for seven days, VEH, renal injury-induced rats, which were orally treated with 1% DMSO in PBS (vehicle of shikonin), SKL, SKM, and SKH, renal injury-induced rats, which were orally treated with 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg/day of shikonin for seven days, respectively, one h after the gentamicin injection. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 (vs. GTM group), + p < 0.05, ++ p < 0.01, and +++ p < 0.001 (vs. SKH group).