Table 4.
Comparison between children with and without coronary artery abnormalities (CAAs), contractility abnormalities and pericardial effusion in the course of the multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.
| Patients with CAAs at Any Time | Patients with No CAAs at Any Time | p | Patients with Contractility Abnormalities at Any Time | Patients with No Contractility Abnormalities at Any Time | p | Patients with Pericardial Effusion at Any Time | Patients with no Pericardial Effusion at Any Time | p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Feature Counts (%) or Median (25th–75th percentile) |
n = 36 | n = 307 | n = 155 | n = 219 | n = 47 | n = 305 | ||||
| Demographical features | ||||||||||
| Male sex | 25 (69%) | 186 (61%) | 0.37 | 105 (69%) | 131 (60%) | 0.08 | 35 (76%) | 183 (60%) | 0.05 | |
| Age (years) | 5 (3–12) | 9 (5–12) | 0.03 | 10 (6–13) | 7 (4–11) | 0.00 | 8.2 (4.6–11.5) | 8.3 (4.9–11.9) | 0.86 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.5 (15.4–18.1) | 16.6 (14.9–20.0) | 0.93 | 17.7 (15.6–20.9) | 16.0 (14.7–18.8) | 0.00 | 17.3 (15.3–20.5) | 16.4 (14.9–19.6) | 0.11 | |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||||
| None | 34 (97%) | 268 (92%) | 0.34 | 138 (91%) | 193 (93%) | 0.69 | 45 (98%) | 266 (91%) | 0.23 | |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||||||||
| Days of fever | 7 (7–9) | 7 (6–9) | 0.22 | 7 (6–8) | 7 (7–9) | 0.03 | 7 (6–9) | 7 (6–9) | 0.97 | |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | 29 (83%) | 276 (91%) | 0.12 | 139 (92%) | 194 (90%) | 0.58 | 42 (89%) | 270 (90%) | 0.80 | |
| Mucocutaneous involvement | 33 (94%) | 294 (97%) | 0.36 | 148 (96%) | 209 (97%) | 0.78 | 45 (96%) | 290 (96%) | 0.69 | |
| Upper respiratory symptoms | 13 (38%) | 111 (38%) | 1.00 | 49 (32%) | 78 (38%) | 0.27 | 18 (40%) | 105 (36%) | 0.62 | |
| Lower respiratory symptoms | 17 (50%) | 144 (50%) | 1.00 | 82 (54%) | 90 (45%) | 0.09 | 28 (61%) | 136 (48%) | 0.11 | |
| Neurological symptoms | 24 (86%) | 249 (90%) | 0.51 | 124 (95%) | 169 (87%) | 0.01 | 38 (97%) | 242 (89%) | 0.15 | |
| Osteoarticular and muscle involvement | 12 (36%) | 118 (41%) | 0.71 | 51 (34%) | 86 (42%) | 0.19 | 17 (38%) | 117 (40%) | 0.87 | |
| Systemic oedema | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) | 1.00 | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.21 | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) | 1.00 | |
| Particular symptoms | ||||||||||
| Arthritis | 5 (14%) | 11 (4%) | 0.02 | 5 (3%) | 12 (6%) | 0.32 | 3 (7%) | 13 (4%) | 0.46 | |
| Conjunctivitis | 22 (61%) | 242 (81%) | 0.02 | 122 (80%) | 168 (79%) | 0.90 | 28 (61%) | 243 (81%) | 0.00 | |
| Eyelid swelling | 1 (7%) | 34 (36%) | 0.03 | 32 (39%) | 15 (26%) | 0.15 | 9 (47%) | 31 (31%) | 0.19 | |
| Rhinitis | 8 (23%) | 32 (11%) | 0.05 | 13 (8%) | 24 (12%) | 0.38 | 6 (13%) | 32 (11%) | 0.63 | |
| Oral inflammation | 20 (57%) | 210 (71%) | 0.12 | 104 (69%) | 144 (69%) | 1.00 | 26 (55%) | 207 (71%) | 0.04 | |
| Breathing effort | 9 (25%) | 70 (24%) | 0.84 | 46 (30%) | 40 (19.%) | 0.02 | 16 (35%) | 66 (22%) | 0.09 | |
| Chest pain | 3 (9%) | 49 (17%) | 0.32 | 33 (22%) | 22 (11%) | 0.01 | 7 (16%) | 45 (16%) | 1.00 | |
| Abdominal pain | 22 (67%) | 247 (83%) | 0.03 | 129 (85%) | 167 (80%) | 0.17 | 35 (76%) | 240 (82%) | 0.42 | |
| Nausea | 14 (41%) | 188 (63%) | 0.02 | 91 (62%) | 130 (61%) | 1.00 | 28 (61%) | 180 (61%) | 1.00 | |
| Diarrhoea | 23 (64%) | 181 (60%) | 0.72 | 87 (57%) | 127 (59%) | 0.75 | 20 (43%) | 184 (61%) | 0.02 | |
| Vital signs at admission | ||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 102 (87–119) | 100 (89–109) | 0.32 | 92 (84–104) | 101 (92–110) | 0.00 | 98 (89–103) | 100 (89–110) | 0.62 | |
| Hypotension | 3 (11%) | 42 (17%) | 0.59 | 40 (32%) | 15 (9%) | 0.00 | 5 (13%) | 41 (17%) | 0.65 | |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) |
24 (20–30) | 20 (18–26) | 0.34 | 22 (20–30) | 20 (18–25) | 0.00 | 22 (19–28) | 20 (18–26) | 0.13 | |
| SatO2 (%) | 98 (97–99) | 98 (96–99) | 0.59 | 98 (96–99) | 98 (97–99) | 0.04 | 97 (96–98) | 98 (96–99) | 0.01 | |
| Laboratory test results at admission | ||||||||||
| Lymphocytes (103/μL) | 1.3 (0.7–2.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 0.00 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 0.00 | 1.0 (0.7–1.7) | 1.0 (0.7–1.7) | 0.69 | |
| PLT (103/μL) | 191 (151–325) | 172 (122–244) | 0.01 | 167 (122–216) | 186 (127–273) | 0.00 | 158 (114–239) | 180 (127–248) | 0.89 | |
| CRP (mg/L) | 121 (55–173) | 145 (91–205) | 0.07 | 171 (102–240) | 137 (84–188) | 0.00 | 164 (86–232) | 143 (87–196) | 0.23 | |
| Procalcitonin (ng/mL) | 3.2 (0.9–6.8) | 2.8 (1.1–8.6) | 0.78 | 4.6 (1.7–16.0) | 2.0 (0.8–6.2) | 0.00 | 3.8 (1.3–10.6) | 2.5 (1.0–8.3) | 0.23 | |
| Ferritin (ug/L) | 354 (150–771) | 341 (197–567) | 0.87 | 435.70 (235.10–760.20) | 318 (181–532) | 0.015 | 368 (237–581) | 336 (186–576) | 0.67 | |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 136 (132–138) | 134 (131–136) | 0.10 | 133 (130–136) | 134 (132–136) | 0.00 | 135 (131–136) | 134 (132–136) | 0.67 | |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 100 (83–130) | 112 (88–134) | 0.30 | 99 (78–120) | 116 (95–137) | 0.00 | 98 (80.0–140) | 110 (89–134) | 0.96 | |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 138 (39–695) | 578 (143–1381) | 0.03 | 1197 (328–2814) | 211 (135–798) | 0.01 | 818 (660–2814) | 282 (135–1012) | 0.22 | |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 387 (220–4956) | 2845 (651–7791) | 0.04 | 5053 (1183–13,597) | 1589 (424–5381) | 0.00 | 3058 (368–15,995) | 2128 (544–7400) | 0.58 | |
| Troponin elevated | 5 (31%) | 43 (25%) | 0.56 | 35 (49%) | 18 (15%) | 0.00 | 8 (27.6%) | 42 (269%) | 0.82 | |
| Management | ||||||||||
| PICU treatment | 3 (8%) | 24 (8%) | 1.00 | 20 (13%) | 10 (5%) | 0.00 | 7 (15%) | 22 (7%) | 0.08 | |
| IVIG administered | 34 (97%) | 288 (94%) | 1.00 | 153 (99%) | 202 (93%) | 0.01 | 46 (98%) | 287 (957%) | 0.71 | |
| GCS administered | 26 (74%) | 219 (74%) | 1.00 | 129 (85%) | 143 (68%) | 0.00 | 34 (76%) | 216 (74%) | 0.86 | |
Abbreviations: AVPU, alert, verbal, pain, unresponsive; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CAA, coronary artery abnormality; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRT, capillary refill time; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GCSs, glucocorticosteroids; Hb, haemoglobin; Hct, haematocrit; Il-6, interleukin 6; IQR, interquartile range; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulins; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; min, minutes; n, number; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone for brain natriuretic peptide; PICU, paediatric intensive care unit; PLT, platelet count; s, seconds; SatO2, oxygen saturation; WBC, white blood count. The white and grey colours were used to divide the independent subgroups presented. p values less than 0.05 are bolded.