Figure 2.

Schematic representations of GSH reactions. Within cells, GSH reacts with oxidants either spontaneously or catalyzed by glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is reduced back to GSH by glutathione reductase (GR). Trans-sulfuration reactions are catalyzed by glutaredoxin (GRX), whereas conjugation with xenobiotics requires catalysis by glutathione transferase (GST). Export of GSH conjugates (GS–X), GSSG and GSH, depends on the activity of multi-drug resistance proteins. ROS, reactive oxygen species; RONS, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide; ROOH, organic peroxides; GSSP, S-glutathionylated proteins; PSH, protein SH groups.