Table 2.
In vivo treatments with different GSH enhancers.
| Molecule | Treatment | Species | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GSH | Liposomal | Human | Direct | [66] |
| GSH | Intranasal | Human | Direct | [67] |
| GSH | Endovenous | Human | Direct | [67] |
| GSH | Oral | Human | Direct | [67] |
| γ-Glu-Cys | Oral | Human | Enzymatic synthesis | [68] |
| NAC | Oral | Human | Cys delivery | [69] |
| OTC | Oral | Human | Cys indirect formation | [70] |
| Green tea | Oral | Human | GSH sparing? Up-regulation antioxidant enzymes? | [71] |
| DASH diet | Oral | Human | Unknown | [72] |
| GSH mono ester | Oral | Mouse | Enzymatic release | [73] |
| γ-Glu-Cys | Diet | Mouse | Enzymatic synthesis | [74] |
| NACET | Oral | Mouse | NAC and Cys delivery | [75] |
| S-ethyl cysteine | Oral | Mouse | Cys delivery | [76] |
| S-methyl cysteine | Oral | Mouse | Cys delivery | [76] |
| S-propyl cysteine | Oral | Mouse | Cys delivery | [76] |
| Fumaric acid | Oral | Mouse | Nrf2 inducer | [77] |
| Taurine | Oral | Mouse | Cys sparing | [78] |
| Silymarin | Oral | Rat | Antioxidant/Nrf2 inducer/cysteine sparing | [79] |
| NACET | Oral | Rat | NAC and Cys delivery | [80] |
| ADT | Oral | Rat | γ-GT inhibition? Nrf2 inducer? | [81] |
| Bardoxolone | Oral | Monkey | Nrf2 inducer | [82] |
Abbreviations: GSH, glutathione, γ-Glu-Cys, γ-glutamylcysteine; Cys, cysteine; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; OTC, 2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate, DASH diet, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; NACET, N-acetlycysteine ethyl ester; ADT, anethole dithiolthione.