Table 5.

Improvement effects of polyphenol nanoformulation using protein or other materials.

Materials	Polyphenols	Drug Release	Target	Improvement	Ref.
Protein	Resveratrol	65% at pH 7.4 (~72 h, high concentration)	Caco-2 cancer cell	97% cellular uptake after 24 h IC50 < 6% wt No toxicity to normal cell (100% wt)	[81]
	Curcumin	80% at pH 5 45% at pH 7.4 (~48 h)	C6 glioma cell	Blood brain barrier penetration↑ (2-fold↑) Cancer proliferation and migration > 50%↓	[82]
		At pH 7.4 ~53% (~8 h) ~94% (~72 h)	HCT 116 cancer cell	Cellular uptake 2-fold↑ IC50 3.7 µg/mL (free curcumin is not toxic to 20 µg/mL)	[83]
		Sustained~180 h ~66% at pH 5 ~49% at pH 7.4	MCF-7 breast cancer cell	IC50 0.72 µg/mL (6-fold↓) Synergistic effect (CI > 1)	[84]
		77% at pH 5.5 60% at pH 7.4 (~6 h)	HeLa cell A549 cell	IC50 6.5 µg/mL (35%↓) Cell surface attachment and localization	[85]
Iron ion	Curcumin	91% at pH 5 34% at pH 7.4 (~24 h)	MCF-7 human breast cancer cell	Uptake efficiency 93% after 3 h Bcl-2 down-regulation (2.6-fold↓) Bax and caspase 3 up-regulation (40%↑)	[90]
Nucleic acid	Tannic acid	Disassembly in pH 5.5	A549 human lung cancer cell	Cellular uptake 7-fold↑ Apoptosis 40%↑ by tannic acid and 20%↑ by therapeutic genes	[93]
		In acidic pH (when fused with endosomal/lysosomal vesicle)	A549 human lung cancer cell	Homotypic targeting (3-fold↑) Macrophage uptake 30%↓ Half-life 2.13 h (26-fold↑) Tumor growth 5-fold↓	[94]

↑: Increase in some effects; ↓: Decrease in some effects.