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. 2023 May 11;15(10):2713. doi: 10.3390/cancers15102713

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Summary of overcoming challenges for CAR T cell therapy in AML: (a) modulating tumor microenvironment with checkpoint inhibitors, blockage of IDO, Arginase II, and Adenosine; (b) limiting ‘on-target off-tumor’ effect by selecting more specific targets (such as CLL-1, CD70, etc.), knocking out targets in HSPC, application of SynNotch Systems, suicide genes, and DARIC; (c) combinatorial targeting, CAR NK cells/TCR-T cells; (d) manipulations in manufacturing such as enhancing the central memory population by decitabine, allogeneic CAR T cells, or various DNA transposon systems to carry genetic cargos. DARIC: dimerizing agent–regulated immunoreceptor complex; HSPC: hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells; IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO); KO: knock-out; MHC-I: major histocompatibility complex-I; PD-1: programmed cell death-1; TCR: T cell receptor).