Table 6.
Selected studies that reported IGF’s relationship with visual processing.
| Author and Year | Sample | Methods | IGF Measure | Relevant Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| van Pelt and Fries 2013 [19] | 14 healthy adults | MEG, visual gratings | Power | Negative correlation of IGF with stimulus eccentricity: −0.91 Hz per 1-degree increase for moving stimulus, −0.95 Hz per 1-degree increase for stationary stimulus. Negative correlation of IGF with stimulus size: −0.69 Hz per 1-degree increase in diameter |
| van Pelt et al., 2018 [23] | 158 healthy adults | MEG, MRI, visual gratings | Amplitude | IGF: 56.2 ± 5.4 Hz, 41.5–72.9 Hz. IGF depends on stimulus contrast. IGF for high contrast: 56.3Hz; IGF for low contrast: 52.4 Hz (0.078 Hz per 1% increase in stimulus contrast). IGF for high velocity: 56.2 Hz; IGF for low velocity: 52.4 Hz; IGF for stationary: 50 Hz (7.2 Hz per 1 deg/s increase in velocity) |
| Jia et al., 2013 [32] | 7 macaque monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power, phase-locking | IGF for small stimuli: 43 Hz; IGF for large stimuli: 37 Hz. IGF for small gratings: 47 Hz; IGF for large gratings: 38 Hz |
| Lima et al., 2010 [33] | 4 rhesus monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings and plaids | Power | IGF increased from 58 to 68 Hz with stimulus luminance or contrast increase. IGF for central regions: 60 Hz (gratings) and 73 Hz (plaids); IGF for peripheral regions: 47 Hz (gratings) and 58 Hz (plaids) |
| Das and Ray 2018 [36] | 2 rhesus monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual attention task | Power | IGF increased with stimulus contrast. IGF for low contrast: 40 Hz; IGF for medium contrast: 44–48 Hz; IGF for high contrast: 56 Hz |
| Gregory et al., 2016 [44] | 10 healthy adults | MEG, fMRI, visual gratings | Power | IGF: 41.15–70.41 Hz. IGF depends on stimulus eccentricity, but not size. IGF for central stimuli: 54.73 ± 6.87 Hz (small size) and 55.4 ± 8.27 Hz (large size); IGF for peripheral stimuli: 59.89 ± 6.05 Hz (small size), 60.19 ± 6.68 Hz (large size) |
| Perry et al., 2013 [49] | 12 healthy adults | MEG, MRI, visual gratings | Amplitude | IGF: ~40–70 Hz. No difference in IGF across different stimulus sizes |
| Perry et al., 2014 [73] | 12 adults with photosensitive epilepsy, 9 with non-photosensitive epilepsy; 12 healthy adults | MEG, visual gratings | Amplitude | IGF for low stimulus contrast: ~47 Hz; IGF for high stimulus contrast: ~57 Hz |
| Kahlbrock et al., 2012 [89] | 26 adults with liver cirrhosis, 8 healthy adults |
MEG, MRI, selective attention task with visual and auditory stimulation | Power | IGF: ~35–65 Hz. IGF in high critical flicker frequency (CFF) group: 51 Hz; IGF in low CFF group: 45.9 Hz |
| Orekhova et al., 2015 [91] | 27 healthy children | EEG, MEG, visual gratings | Power | IGF: 50–97.5 Hz. IGF for slow velocity: 50–67.5 Hz; IGF for medium velocity: 77.5–82.5 Hz; IGF for high velocity: 95–97.5 Hz |
| Orekhova et al., 2018 [92] | 27 healthy adults, 50 healthy children |
MEG, visual gratings | Power | IGF increased from low to high stimulus velocity by 15.3 Hz for children (66.1 ± 6.1 Hz to 82.2 ± 10.8 Hz), by 14.6 Hz for adults (55.7 ± 5.7 Hz to 70 ± 8.5 Hz) |
| Stroganova et al., 2015 [94] | 21 children with autism (ASD), 26 healthy children |
MEG, visual gratings | Power | IGF: 57.5–92.3 Hz. Reduced IGF modulation due to stimulus velocity for ASD group vs. healthy. IGF for low velocity: ~65 Hz; IGF for high velocity: ~85 Hz |
| Hadjipapas et al., 2015 [97] | 9 healthy adult humans, 2 rhesus monkeys | MEG, in vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power | IGF increased by ~19 Hz (from ~26 Hz to ~45 Hz) in monkeys, by ~8 Hz (from ~38 Hz to ~46 Hz) in humans after increasing stimulus contrast |
| Krishnakumaran et al., 2022 [98] | 2 macaque monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power | IGF increased due to stimulus contrast. IGF for low contrast: ~35 Hz; IGF for high contrast: ~50 Hz. IGF decreased due to stimulus size. IGF for small stimulus: ~50 Hz; IGF for big stimulus: ~45 Hz. |
| Perry et al., 2015 [99] | 12 healthy adults | MEG, visual gratings and plaids | Amplitude | IGF for low stimulus contrast: 49 Hz; IGF for high stimulus contrast: 60 Hz. IGF for plaid stimuli: ~60 Hz; IGF for gratings: ~45–50 Hz |
| Ray and Maunsell 2010 [100] | 2 rhesus monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power | IGF increased by 6.8 Hz with double increase in stimulus contrast. IGF for 25% contrast: 37–38 Hz; IGF for 100% contrast: 52–53 Hz |
| Roberts et al., 2013 [101] | 2 macaque monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power, phase-locking | IGF for low stimulus contrast: ~20 Hz; IGF for high stimulus contrast: ~45 Hz |
| Swettenham et al., 2009 [102] | 15 healthy adults | MEG, visual gratings | Power | IGF for stationary stimuli: 43.5 ± 9 Hz, 27–55.5 Hz; IGF for moving stimuli: 51 ± 7.7 Hz, 40–60 Hz |
| Murty et al., 2018 [103] | 2 bonnet monkeys, 19 healthy adult humans | In vivo LFP, EEG, visual gratings | Power | In monkeys, IGF depends on stimulus orientation. IGF for 90° orientation: 58 ± 0 Hz (monkey 1) and 55.65 ± 0.21 Hz (monkey 2); IGF for 45° orientation: 51.27 ± 0.36 Hz (monkey 1) and 52.29 ± 0.48 Hz (monkey 2). IGF increased with higher stimulus contrast in monkeys (by 3.3–9.6 Hz), but not in humans |
| Shirhatti et al., 2022 [104] | 2 bonnet monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power | IGF increased due to annular cut, orientation and phase discontinuities in grated stimuli |
| Gieselmann and Thiele 2008 [105] | 2 macaque monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings | Power | IGF decreased by 2.95 Hz (monkey 1) or 1.58 Hz (monkey 2) for every degree increment in stimulus size |
| Stauch et al., 2021 [106] | 30 healthy adults | MEG, visual gratings | Power | In a sequence of the same repeated stimulus, IGF did not change in the first 10 repetitions, but with further repetitions increased gradually by 0.05Hz/repetition or 6 Hz increase over 120 repetitions |
| Peter et al., 2021 [107] | 4/2 monkeys | In vivo LFP, visual gratings, natural images | Power | IGF was specific to stimulus. IGF decreased for early trials (~45 Hz), but increased for later trials (~47 Hz) |
| Brunet et al., 2015 [108] | 2 macaque monkeys | In vivo LFP, natural images | Power | IGF before saccade: 50–80 Hz; IGF immediately after saccade: 30–40 Hz |
Abbreviations: ASD—autism spectrum disorder; EEG—electroencephalogram; fMRI—functional magnetic resonance imaging; IGF—individual gamma frequency; LFP—local field potential; MEG—magnetoencephalogram; MRI—magnetic resonance imaging.