Table 6.

Nonpharmacological strategies for the therapy of ED: surgical strategies.

Strategy	Mechanism of Action	Preclinical Evidence	Clinical Evidence
Vascular surgery with or without stent	Revascularitation by eliminating focal arterial blocks mainly in the inferior epigastric artery	Yes, in rodent models of ED, mainly vascular	Yes, in patients with vascular ED caused focal arterial damage, mainly of the inferior epigastric arthery
Venous ligation or embolization	Blockage of venous branches to reduce venous outflow from the penis during erection	Yes, in rodents models of ED, mainly aging	Yes, in patients with cavernous venous occlusive dysfunction
Neuronal gafts	Reconstruction of pelvic nerves and/or reunion of damaged/truncated pelvic nerve axons to the penis	Yes, in rodent models of ED, mainly penile nerve trauma and/or crash	Yes, in patients with pelvic nerve damage, mainly after pelvic/penile trauma and radical prostatectomy

Details are found in the Section 4.5.