BMD	Bone mineral density
BV/TV	bone volume/Total volume
Tb.Ar	Trabecular Area
Tb.Th	Trabecular thickness
Tb.N	Trabecular Number
Tb.Sp	Trabecular space
Ct. Vol	Cortical Volume
Ct. Th	Cortical Thickness
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
OCN	Osteocalcin
SIRT1	silent information regulator of transcription 1
Akt	Ak strain transforming
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
TNFα	tumour necrosis factor alpha
ROS	Reactive Oxygen Species
MDA	Malondialdehyde
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
GSH	Glutathione
FoxO1	Forkhead box O1
PI3K/Akt	phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
RANK	Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB
RANKL	receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand
OPG	osteoprotegrin
TRAP	tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase
IL-6	Interleukin-6
IL-1β	Interleukin-1beta
CTX-1	C-terminal telopeptides type I collagen
CtsK	Cathepsin K
NFATc1	nuclear factor-activated T cells
Nrf2	nuclear factor E2-related factor 2
BMP2	bone morphogenic protein 2
Osx	Osterix
Col1a1	alpha-1 type I collagen
P1NP	amino-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen
RunX2	runt-related transcription factor 2
BMSC	bone mesenchymal stem cells;
HBMSC	Human bone mesenchymal stem cells
PGE2	prostaglandin E2
MAP kinase	mitogen-activated protein kinase
SAPK/JNK	stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ONN	Osteonectin
OCN	Osteocalcin
ONN	Osteonectin
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
GSK-3b	Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated kinase
CREB	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
NO	nitric oxide
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
COX-2	cyclooxygenase 2
LDH	Lactate Dehydrogenase
PINP	Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide