Table 2.
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are known to directly interact with CTCF.
| lncRNA | Function | References |
|---|---|---|
| HOTTIP | CTCF recruitment and TAD formation | [137,140] |
| PACERR | Recruits CTCF and p300 to promoter regions. | [142] |
| JPX | Jpx binds to CTCF consensus regions causing a shift in chromatin loops. It is also involved in X chromosome inactivation. | [22,139] |
| DLGAP1-AS2 | Reduced binding of CTCF to target genes. | [140] |
| GATA6-AS1 | May contribute to TAD formation. Forms an RNA-DNA triplex. | [138] |
| ELDR | Inhibits CTCF degradation by the proteasome. | [143] |
| SH3PXD2A-AS1 | Recruits CTCF to inhibit the expression of target genes. | [141] |
| CDKN2B-AS1 | Recruits CTCF and EZH2 to silence target genes. | [144] |
| LINC00346 | Prevents CTCF binding to the c-Myc promoter | [145] |
| H19 | Mediates the interaction between CTCF and Vigilin to regulate IGF2 imprinting. | [146] |
| Firre | Anchorage of the X chromosome to the nucleolus. | [147] |
| CCAT1-L | Modulates chromatin loops. | [148] |
| SRA | Estabilizes CTCF-cohesin complex. | [136] |