Table 3.

HSP70 family and markers as well as management of cardiometabolic diseases.

Category	Finding	Reference
Diabetes	Decreased concentration of HSP70 is able to induce inflammation process through JNK activation, inhibit fatty acid oxidation by mitochondria through mitophagy decrease and mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as activate SREBP-1c, one of the lipogenic gene transcription factors in ER stress. long-term physical exercise, hot tub therapy, and administration of alfalfa-derived HSP70 in subjects with insulin resistance are proven to have therapeutic and preventive potency that are promising in T2DM management.	[25]
	There is a negative correlation between HSP70 concentrations and insulin levels and HOMA-IR, which is associated with increased activity of antioxidant enzymes.Measurement of eHSP70 concentration can be an important indicator in impaired glucose homeostasis.	[52]
	Serum levels of HSP70 are significantly higher in diabetic patients and correlate with disease duration. High HSP70 levels in long-term diabetes may be an indicator of metabolic disturbances in the course of diabetes.	[55]
	The presence of diabetes in patients with endometrioid cancer results in an increase in eHSP70.	[56]
	HSP72 contributes to the protection of β-cells against apoptosis and plays an important role in maintaining the increased demand for insulin secretion due to insulin resistance. Targeted induction of her HSP72 in the liver could be one of the therapeutic strategies for insulin resistance and T2D.	[41]
	Skeletal muscle iHSP72 and HSF-1 protein levels are reduced in type 2 diabetes. iHSP72 protein expression is associated with obesity levels and may be involved in pro-inflammatory conditions. Plasma eHSP72 is increased in obese diabetic patients. Obesity and its complications are the main cause of her elevated eHSP72, as eHSP72 is attributed to protein damage and oxidative stress levels that occur over time in the disease. eHSP72 is a potential new biomarker in diabetes.	[7]
Obesity	Obesity-induced inflammation promotes insulin resistance, impairs insulin signaling and reduces HSP expression, making tissues more susceptible to damage. The resulting damage to pancreatic beta cells leads to further loss of insulin signaling and decreased anti-inflammatory HSPs.Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle perpetuate this cycle, but diet and exercise raise her HSPs, reduce inflammation, and improve insulin signaling.	[57]
NAFLD	Heat Therapy may improve systemic metabolism through induction of hepatic HSP72. Therapies targeting her HSP72 in the liver may prevent NAFLD	[19]
Atherosclerosis	Overexpression of HSP27 is protective against atherosclerosis, whereas overexpression of HSP60 is atherogenic. HSP70 is overexpressed in advanced lesions of atherosclerotic plaques and may have a protective effect of HSP70 stimulation. The effect of HSP70 on atherosclerosis is under discussion.	[7]
	Plasma Hsp70 levels are associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome.	[58]
	HSP70 ameliorates oxidative stress after myocardial infarction injury. Increased HSP70 levels mitigate damage from inhibition of NF-κB activity in myocardium after ischemia/reperfusion injury.	[59]
	HSP70 increases arterial lipid accumulation and promotes atherosclerotic lesion formation.	[60]
	Chronic whole-body heat treatment is involved in the anti-inflammatory and anti-aging SIRT1-HSF1-HSP and attenuates the development of atherosclerosis.	[61]