Table 1.
Main studies focusing on AKI incidence and outcomes in kidney transplant recipients.
| Study ID | Year | Study Design | Patients | AKI Incidence | Mortality Rate | Additional Epidemiological Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mehrotra et al. [19] | 2012 | Retrospective longitudinal cohort study; AKI incidence and outcomes in KTRs | 27,232 | 11.6% | 5.8% | AKI is an independent factor for graft loss (HR 2.74), death with functioning graft (HR 2.36) and graft loss (HR 3.17). AKI paradoxically associates with worse outcomes in early CKD stages. |
| Filiponi et al. [11] | 2015 | Single-center, retrospective cohort study; 1-year graft survival in KTRs with AKI | 458 | 82.3% | 2.1% | CMV infection being the most common cause of hospitalization (20.3%), followed by urosepsis (14.4%). ICU admission OR: 8.9; contrast media use OR: 9.34. |
| Panek et al. [17] | 2015 | Single-center retrospective cohort study; clinical outcomes of KTRs at 1 year post-transplantation | 326 | 21.0% | 1.2 deaths/100 PY | CNI toxicity is the leading cause of AKI (33%). The presence of AKI does not have any impact on mortality rate. |
| Guinault et al. [18] | 2019 | Multicenter, retrospective observational study; outcomes in ICU admitted KTRs | 200 | 85.1% | 26.5% | Death occurring mostly within the first 6 months. CKD progression observed in 45.1% of survivors; 15.1% developed new anti-HLA antibodies. |
| Cravedi et al. [26] | 2020 | International, multicenter, retrospective cohort study; clinical outcomes in COVID-19-positive KTRs | 144 | 51.0% | 32.0% | AKI occurred in 52% cases, with respiratory failure requiring intubation in 29%, and the mortality rate was 32%. Risk factors for mortality: older age, lower lymphocyte counts and baseline eGFR, higher serum lactate dehydrogenase, procalcitonin and IL-6. |
| Camargo-Salamanca et al. [16] | 2020 | Retrospective cohort study; AKI incidence and risk factors | 179 | 58.1% | 3.9% | KTRs with higher baseline serum creatinine (OR, 2.6; 95% CI 1.5–4.5, p < 0.001) and hospital admission because of infections (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–5.2; p = 0.020) were more likely to experience AKI. 19 recipients (10.6%) had graft loss with a significant AKI association (p = 0.003). |
| Kremer et al. [25] | 2021 | Meta-analysis; clinical outcomes in COVID-19-infected KTRs | 5559 | 50.0% | 23.0% | Mortality rates are significantly increased in the early post-transplantation period (15 months post-TX). No differences are reported in AKI risk between early and late post-transplantation periods. |
Legend: AKI: acute kidney injury; ARF: acute respiratory failure; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CMV: cytomegalovirus; HLA: human leukocyte antigen; HR hazard ratio; ICU: intensive care unit; KTR; kidney transplant recipient; OR: odds ratio; PY: patient-years; RRT: renal replacement therapy; sCr: serum creatinine; TX: transplantation.