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. 2023 Apr 17;150(7):dev200885. doi: 10.1242/dev.200885

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© 2023. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 2. — Experimental manipulation of the gastrulation mode in different organisms. (A) The anemone N. vectensis normally gastrulates by invaginating the endoderm. However, when cells are dissociated and reaggregated into a solid ball, it gastrulates by multipolar cell ingression (Kirillova et al., 2018). (B) The fly D. melanogaster has a maternal load of fog/t48 mRNAs and normally gastrulates through invagination, whereas C. riparius is not loaded with fog/t48 mRNAs and gastrulates through cell ingression. Switching the typical fog expression of both species also switches their gastrulation mode (Urbansky et al., 2016). (C) The activation or inhibition of signalling pathways in the chick embryo (Ca) affects the extension of the mesendoderm and the capacity of these cells to ingress (Cb) inducing gastrulation modes that resemble those of other vertebrates such as teleost fish (Cc), anurans (Cd) and reptiles (Ce) (Chuai et al., 2023).