Table 1.

Summary of clinical studies associated with the protective effects of ARBs in relation to COVID-19.

Subject	ARB/Dose	Outcome	Ref
103 patients with hypertension and COVID-19 receiving ARB therapy	NA	Pre-administered ARBs reduced the need for mechanical ventilation, intensive care admission, and death.	[149]
157 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and hypertension on ARBs	NA	ARB group is associated with decreased mortality.	[150]
201 hospitalized patients diagnosed with COVID019	NA	Pre-administered ARB had a lower mortality rate compared to other antihypertensive medications.	[151]
636 COVID-19 patients,1 of which 22 receiving ARBs	NA	Discontinuing ARB therapy during COVID-19 infection resulted in greater mortality, ventilation, and increased risk of acute kidney injury.	[152]
19 586 patients with COVID-19	NA	ARBs associated with reduced risk of COVID-19 in patients with hypertension.	[163]
566 hypertensive patients with COVID-19, 147 on ARBs.	NA	ARB therapy resulted in a lower risk of mortality in patients with a high prognostic factor, low oxygen saturation, and high lymphocyte count than other RAS inhibitors.	[164]
63,969 hospitalized participants with COVID-19	Telmisartan	Telmisartan showed a reduction in mortality risks greater than standard care.	[162]
52 COVID-19-diagnosed patients not receiving antihypertensive medication	Telmisartan 160 mg/day, 14 days	Telmisartan reduced morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 patients through anti-inflammatory effects.	[158]
1946 patients with COVID019 and cardiovascular comorbidities of which 493 on ARB	NA	ARBs reduced mortality, leukocyte count, inflammatory markers, and IL-6. No changes in ACE2 expression were observed.	[165]
178 patients with COVID-19 of which 133 used ARBs.	NA	ARBs reduced mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.	[166]