Table 5.
Multivariate modelling in selected brain regions with volumetric changes following severe COVID-19 infection.
| Brain Region | Estimate | Standard Error | t-Value | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole brain | Age (years) | −2.4107 | 0.6102 | −3.951 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 97.1842 | 21.3302 | 4.556 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 Mild | 32.6959 | 18.3726 | 1.780 | 0.077195 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −36.1273 | 18.8432 | −1.917 | 0.057131 | |
| Height | 4.0755 | 1.0574 | 3.854 | <0.001 | |
| BMI | −0.9211 | 1.1922 | −0.773 | 0.441023 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.4932 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Grey matter | Age (years) | −2.20669 | 0.33652 | −6.557 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male) | 58.22570 | 11.76448 | 4.949 | <0.001 | |
| COVID-19 Mild | 13.84293 | 10.13324 | 1.366 | 0.17398 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −28.64409 | 10.39277 | −2.756 | 0.00658 | |
| Height | 1.92446 | 0.58321 | 3.300 | 0.00121 | |
| BMI | 0.05646 | 0.65757 | 0.086 | 0.93169 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.5367 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Supratentorial | Age (years) | −1.53934 | 0.24475 | −6.289 | <0.001 |
| cerebral | Gender (male) | 39.97339 | 8.55623 | 4.671 | <0.001 |
| cortex | COVID-19 Mild | 5.92185 | 7.36984 | 0.803 | 0.42295 |
| COVID-19 Severe | −19.36262 | 7.55859 | −2.561 | 0.01141 | |
| Height | 1.37947 | 0.42416 | 3.252 | 0.00141 | |
| BMI | −0.41309 | 0.47824 | −0.863 | 0.38911 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.5097 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Frontal lobe | Age (years) | −0.39890 | 0.04735 | −8.425 | <0.001 |
| right | Gender (male) | 6.96303 | 1.65526 | 4.207 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 Mild | 1.15013 | 1.42575 | 0.807 | 0.42114 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −3.92092 | 1.46226 | −2.681 | 0.00816 | |
| Height | 0.25741 | 0.08206 | 3.137 | 0.00206 | |
| BMI | −0.09647 | 0.09252 | −1.043 | 0.29881 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.5397 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Frontal lobe | Age (years) | −0.35550 | 0.05445 | −6.529 | <0.001 |
| left | Gender (male) | 7.28431 | 1.90364 | 3.827 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 Mild | 0.42527 | 1.63969 | 0.259 | 0.795716 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −3.48425 | 1.68168 | −2.072 | 0.040011 | |
| Height | 0.27121 | 0.09437 | 2.874 | 0.004651 | |
| BMI | −0.13552 | 0.10640 | −1.274 | 0.204797 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.4524 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Parietal lobe | Age (years) | −0.19783 | 0.02668 | −7.414 | <0.001 |
| right | Gender (male) | 3.76298 | 0.93281 | 4.034 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 Mild | 0.17747 | 0.80347 | 0.221 | 0.8255 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −2.05789 | 0.82405 | −2.497 | 0.0136 | |
| Height | 0.13298 | 0.04624 | 2.876 | 0.0046 | |
| BMI | −0.00355 | 0.05214 | −0.068 | 0.9458 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.4866 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Parietal lobe | Age (years) | −0.18253 | 0.02821 | −6.47 | <0.001 |
| left | Gender (male) | 4.09906 | 0.98632 | 4.156 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 Mild | 0.15045 | 0.84956 | 0.177 | 0.8597 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −2.4184 | 0.87132 | −2.776 | 0.0062 | |
| Height | 0.13495 | 0.0489 | 2.76 | 0.0065 | |
| BMI | −0.048 | 0.05513 | −0.871 | 0.3853 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.4701 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Precuneus | Age (years) | −0.0379 | 0.00757 | −5.01 | <0.001 |
| right | Gender (male) | 1.1321 | 0.26447 | 4.281 | <0.001 |
| COVID-19 Mild | 0.16744 | 0.2278 | 0.735 | 0.4635 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −0.4825 | 0.23363 | −2.065 | 0.0406 | |
| Height | 0.03398 | 0.01311 | 2.592 | 0.0105 | |
| BMI | 0.00059 | 0.01478 | 0.04 | 0.9682 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.4255 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Occipital lobe | Age (years) | −0.07167 | 0.04324 | −1.658 | 0.0995 |
| left | Gender (male) | 1.62171 | 1.51154 | 1.073 | 0.2851 |
| COVID-19 Mild | −0.10926 | 1.30195 | −0.084 | 0.9332 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −2.81361 | 1.3353 | −2.107 | 0.0368 | |
| Height | 0.14092 | 0.07493 | 1.881 | 0.062 | |
| BMI | 0.05991 | 0.08449 | 0.709 | 0.4794 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.1398 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Thalamus | Age (years) | −0.02283 | 0.00425 | −5.375 | <0.001 |
| right | Gender (male) | 0.3445 | 0.14851 | 2.32 | 0.0217 |
| COVID-19 Mild | 0.20392 | 0.12792 | 1.594 | 0.113 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −0.33729 | 0.13119 | −2.571 | 0.0111 | |
| Height | 0.0214 | 0.00736 | 2.906 | 0.0042 | |
| BMI | −0.00289 | 0.0083 | −0.348 | 0.7284 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.3903 | p-value | <0.001 | ||
| Brainstem | Age (years) | 0.0099 | 0.04076 | 0.243 | 0.8083 |
| Gender (male) | 1.54783 | 1.4248 | 1.086 | 0.2791 | |
| COVID-19 Mild | −1.4237 | 1.22724 | −1.16 | 0.2479 | |
| COVID-19 Severe | −2.84074 | 1.25867 | −2.257 | 0.0255 | |
| Height | 0.15566 | 0.07063 | 2.204 | 0.0291 | |
| BMI | 0.05938 | 0.07964 | 0.746 | 0.4571 | |
| Multiple R-squared | 0.1434 | p-value | <0.001 |