Table 2.

Main non-AHT-related conditions causing RH.

Non-AHT Conditions Related to RH	Incidence	Timing	Risk Factors/Positive Elements	Mechanism	Morphologic Aspect	Exclusion Elements
Birth trauma	Approximately one-third of newborns [38]	First two days of life, 85% of cases heal within 2 weeks [79,80]	Vacuum-assisted delivery [31]	Perinatal hemodynamic changes, ocular compression, prostaglandin release	Often numerous, extended over ora serrata (such as AHT-related) but only intraretinal, with rare retinal folds	RH with numerous, diffuse, extraretinal, duration extended over the first month of life
Accidental head injury	Less than 4% according to multiple authors; short falls have an RH incidence close to 0% [36,81,82,83]	Same as AHT	Unambiguous and consistent history given by parents, presence of witnesses, other lesions compatible with referred kind and force of impact	Direct impact, Terson’s Syndrome, rapid acceleration and rotational movements of the head	Often confined to posterior pole, few in number, rarely subretinal. Severe accidents or impacts may determine extended lesions [84]	Absence of other lesions, suspicious behavior and history given by parents, absence of witnesses
Raised ICP	Not estimated	Same as AHT	Severe elevation of ICP	Terson’s Syndrome	Superficial, intraretinal, located on or close to the optic disc [84]	Absence of papilledema (present in only 10% cases of AHT), other different patterns
Systemic diseases	Variable	Coagulopathy (leukemia, thrombocytopenia, severe anemia, Vitamin K and factors deficiencies, and hemolytic uremic syndrome); raised ICP (glutaric aciduria type 1, meningitis); thrombosis of retinal artery (e.g., endocarditis), damage to the retinal endothelium (e.g., vasculitis)	Related to specific pathology	Deficiency of coagulation mechanisms	Low number and extension	Lack of diagnosis from accurate clinical and laboratory assessments