Figure 1.

Important roles of Nrf2 and PPARγ pathways in the AβO toxicity-reducing effects of small molecules. AβOs act on both neurons and microglia, inducing neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, respectively. Activated microglia produce various harmful factors that further aggravate neurodegeneration. AβO toxicity-reducing small molecules activate Nrf2 and/or PPARγ pathways, which can rescue both neurons and microglia through antioxidative and other mechanisms. These small molecules will be beneficial in preventing the pathological progression of AD. Mito dysfunction: Mitochondrial dysfunction.