Table 2.
Interventional studies on IBD patients.
| Low FODMAPS Diet | ||||||
| Authors |
Study
Design |
Dietary
Intervention |
Patient
Number |
Clinical Activity |
Days
of Treatment |
Results |
| Cox et al., 2017 [129]. | Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover. | LFD + 4 reintroduction challenge of fructans or galacto-oligosaccharides or sorbitol or placebo, each challenge preceded by 4 days of wash out. | 12 CD 17 UC |
Remission. All patients also met criteria for FGS. | 3 days challenge. | Fructane reintroduction induced a worsening of FGS. |
| Bodini et al., 201. [130]. | Randomized. | LFD vs. Free diet |
35 CD 20 UC |
Remission/mild disease. All patients also met criteria for FGS. | 6 weeks | Decrease in HBI index and calprotectin but not in Mayo score in LFD group. |
| Pedersen et al., 2017 [132]. | Randomized. | LFD vs. Free diet |
61 UC 28 CD |
Remission/mild disease. All patients also met criteria for FGS. | 6 weeks | Decrease in IBS-SSS score in LFD, decrease in SCCAI in UC LFD Group, no change in HBI score. |
| Cox et al., 2020 [131]. | Randomized. | LFD vs. Free diet |
26 UC 26 CD |
Remission. All patients also met criteria for FGS. | 4 weeks | Decrease in IBS-SSS score in UC patients but not in CD patients. |
| Melgaard et al., 2022 [133]. | Randomized, blinded placebo controlled. | LFD + reintroduction challenge |
16 UC | Remission. All patients also met criteria for FGS. | 8 weeks LFD + 2 weeks Low FODMAPs or Placebo | No effect on IBS-SSS score. |
| Enteral Nutrition | ||||||
| Authors | Study design |
Dietary
Intervention |
Patient number | Clinical activity |
Days
of treatment |
Results |
| Guo et al., 2013 [134]. | Pilot study. | EEN | 13 CD | Active. | 4 weeks | Clinical remission in 86% of patients. |
| Pigneur et al., 2019 [135]. | Randomized. | EEN vs. steroids |
19 CD, pediatrics | Active. | 8 weeks | Same efficacy in inducing remission, 89% of mucosal healing in EEN arm, 17% of mucosal healing steroids arm. |
| Brückner et al., 2020 [136]. | Open label | PEN vs. free Diet |
41 CD, pediatrics. | Remission/mild. | 12 months | Growth improvement. |
| Moriczi et al., 2020 [137]. | Retrospective. | EEN | 235 CD, pediatrics. | Active. | 8 weeks | 83% clinical remission. |
| Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD) | ||||||
| Authors | Study design |
Dietary
Intervention |
Patient number | Clinical activity |
Days
of treatment |
Results |
| Lewis et al., 2021 [116]. | Randomized. | SCD vs. MD |
194 CD | Mild/ moderate. |
6 weeks | Clinical Remission: 46.5% SCD, 43.5% MD. |
| Suskind et al., 2020 [113]. | Randomized. | SCD vs. Modified SCD vs. WFD |
18 CD, pediatrics. | Mild/ moderate. |
12 weeks | Clinical remission in all arms. |
| Braly et al., 2017 [111]. | Prospective, open label, non-controlled. | SCD | 9 CD/UC, pediatrics. | Mild/ moderate. |
12 weeks | Clinical remission. |
| Suskind et al., 2014 [114]. | Retrospective. | SCD | 7 CD, pediatrics. | Active. | 3 months | Clinical remission. |
| Obih et al., 2016 [115]. | Retrospective. | SCD | 20 CD 6 UC pediatrics |
Active. | 6 months | Clinical remission in CD patients, decrease in PUCAI in UC patients. |
| Cohen et al., 2014 [112]. | Prospective, non controlled. |
SCD | 10 CD, pediatrics | Active. | 12 weeks | Decrease in HBI and PCDAI. |
| Mediterranean Diet/Mediterranean-like | ||||||
| Authors |
Study
Design |
Dietary
Intervention |
Patient number |
Clinical
activity |
Days
of treatment |
Results |
| Chicco et al., 2021 [117]. | Prospective, non controlled. |
MD | 84 UC, 58 CD |
Mild/moderate and remission. | 6 months | Remission in patients with active disease. |
| Brotherton et al., 2014 [118]. | Randomized, controlled, single blind. | HF vs. Exclusion Diet |
7 CD | Active. | 4 weeks | Decrease in HBI score in HF group. |
| Albenberg et al., 2019 [120]. | Randomized. | HM vs. LM |
214 CD | Remission. | 49 weeks | Relapse in 62% HM group, 42% LM group. |
| Fritsch et al., 2021 [119]. | Randomized, crossover. | LFHF vs. iSAD |
17 UC | Remission/mild. | 4 weeks | LFHF decreased markers of inflammation. |
| Exclusion Diets | ||||||
| Authors |
Study
Design |
Dietary
Intervention |
Patient number | Clinical activity |
Days
of treatment |
Results |
| Guasekeera et al., 2016 [121]. | Randomized, controlled. | IgG4-guided diet vs. sham diet |
98 CD | Active. | 4 weeks | Improvement of CDAI in the IgG4-guided diet. |
| Szczubełek et al., 2021 [122]. | Prospective, non-controlled. | CDED | 32 CD | Active. | 12 weeks | Clinical remission in 82.1% of cases. |
| Yanai et al., 2022 [123]. | Randomized, open label. | CDED + PEN vs. CDED |
44 CD | Mild/ moderate. |
24 weeks | Clinical remission in 68% of patients undergoing CDED+ PEN, and in 57% of patients undergoing CDED. |
| Levine et al., 2019 [125]. | Randomized. | PEN+CDED vs. EEN followed by PEN |
78 CD, pediatric. | Mild/ moderate. |
12 weeks | Remission: 75,6% in CDED +PEN arm, 45.1% EEN+ PEN arm. |
| Sigall et al., 2021 [124]. | Randomized. | EEN vs. PEN + CDED |
73 CD, pediatric. | Mild/ Moderate. |
6 weeks | Remission: 61.5% in CDED+PEN arm, 64.7% in EEN arm (at week 3). |
LFD: Low FODMAPs Diet; EEN: Exclusive Enteral Nutrition; PEN: Partial Enteral Nutrition; SCD: Specific carbohydrate diet; MD: Mediterranean diet; WFD: Whole Food Diet; HF: High Fiber, HM: High in take in red Meat; LFHF: Low Fat High Fiber, iSAD: improved Standard American, CDED: Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet. FGS: Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. HBI: Harvey-Bradshaw Index; IBS-SSS: Irritable Bowel Syndrome -Severity Scoring System; SCCAI: Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index; PUCDAI: Pediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index; PCDAI: Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index; CDAI: Crohn’s Disease Activity Index.