Table 3.

Types of nutritional interventions in IBD patients.

Low Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAP) Diet
Allowed foods	Eggs and meat. Certain cheeses such as brie, camembert, cheddar and feta. Almond milk, rice, quinoa and oats. Vegetables such as eggplant, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers and zucchini. Fruits such as grapes, oranges, strawberries, blueberries and pineapple.
Restricted foods	Dairy-based products, wheat-based, beans and lentils. Vegetables, such as artichokes, asparagus, onions and garlic. Fruits such as apples, cherries, pears and peaches.
Other Details	This diet consists of three steps: (1) elimination of all FODMAPs for 4–6 weeks, (2) gradual reintroduction aimed to individuate foods related to symptomatology, (3) personalization of diet.
Enteral Nutrition
Allowed foods	Elemental formulas (amino acids), semi-elemental formulas (oligopeptides), or polymeric formulas (whole proteins).
Restricted foods	All other foods.
Other Details	Enteral nutrition can be administered both by nasogastric tube or ingested. Enteral nutrition can be “exclusive” when formulas completely substitute meals, or “partial” when it is administered together with meals. Partial enteral mutrition is often prescribed in association to Crohn’s disease exclusion diet.
Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD)
Allowed foods	Additive-free meats, poultry, fish and shellfish. Additive-free and sugar-free oils, white vinegar, cider and mustard. Additive-free and sugar-free coffee, tea and fruit juice. All-natural, sugar-free peanut butter. Cheeses such as sharp cheddar, colby, swiss and dry curd cottage cheese. Fresh, frozen, raw or cooked vegetables, including string beans. Fresh fruits or frozen, cooked or dried fruits without added sugar. Eggs. Homemade yogurt that ferments for at least 24 h. Honey. Legumes such as dried navy beans, lentils, peas, split peas and lima beans. Also, unroasted cashews and unroasted peanuts in the shell. Nuts, peanuts and nut flours.
Restricted foods	Grains such as barley, corn, oats, quinoa, rice and wheat. Grain products such as bread, cereal and pasta. Candy, chocolates and other products made with sugar, high fructose corn syrup, or fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Canned or processed meats. Canned vegetables with additives. Certain legumes such as soybeans, chickpeas and bean sprouts. Dairy products high in lactose such as mild cheddar, store-bought yogurt, milk, cream, ice cream and sour cream. Powdered spices such as curry, garlic and onion. Seaweed. Starches such as potatoes, sweet potatoes and turnips. Sugars including molasses, corn syrup, maple syrup, fructose, sucrose and other processed sugars.
Mediterranean Diet
Allowed foods	Vegetables, fruits, cereals, nuts, legumes, unsaturated fat such as olive oil. Medium intake of fish, dairy products, wine.
Restricted foods	Saturated fat, meat, processed foods, processed meat and sweets
Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diets
Allowed foods	Phase I Mandatory daily foods: fresh chicken breast 150–200 g, 2 eggs, 2 bananas, 1 fresh apple, 2 potatoes (potatoes must be cooked and refrigerated before use). Allowed daily foods: fresh strawberries, fresh melon (1 slice), rice flour, white rice and rice noodles (unlimited), 2 tomatoes (additional allowed for cooking), 2 cucumbers (2 medium size), 2 avocado halves, 1 arrot, spinach 1 cup uncooked leaves, lettuce (3 leaves), onion, fresh green herbs (e.g., basil, parsley, coriander, rosemary, thyme, mint, dill), 1 glass freshly squeezed orange juice from fresh oranges (not from cartons or bottles), water, sparkling water, salt, pepper, paprika, cinnamon, cumin, turmeric, 3 tablespoons of honey, 4 teaspoons of sugar, fresh ginger and garlic cloves, lemons and limes. Foods allowed only once a week: fresh lean fish (not deep fried, dietitian guidance required). Phase II Mandatory daily foods: fresh chicken breast 150–200 g, 2 eggs, 2 bananas, 1 fresh apple, 2 potatoes (potatoes must be cooked and refrigerated before use). Allowed daily foods: fresh strawberries, fresh melon (1 slice), Rice flour, White rice and rice noodles (unlimited), 2 Tomatoes (additional allowed for cooking), 2 Cucumbers (2 medium size), 2 Avocado halves, 1 Carrot, 1 cup uncooked spinach leaves, lettuce (3 leaves), onion, fresh green herbs (e.g., basil, parsley, coriander, rosemary, thyme, mint, dill), 1 glass freshly squeezed orange juice from fresh oranges (not from cartons or bottles), water, sparkling water, salt, pepper, paprika, cinnamon, cumin, turmeric. 3 tablespoons of honey, 4 teaspoons of sugar, fresh ginger and garlic cloves, one slice whole grain bread daily, quinoa, 3 tablespoons of cooked lentils or peas, 6 almonds or walnut halves (unprocessed), baking soda. Foods allowed only once a week: fresh lean fish (not deep fried, dietitian guidance required), 200 gr Sirloin or fillet steak (maximum), 1 slice whole grain bread (maximum), 1 can of tuna (in olive or canola oil) drained, ½ cup of oatmeal or cut oats. Additional daily foods from week 7: broccoli, cauliflower 2 florets daily, 4 fresh mushrooms (not canned), ½ red bell pepper, 1 zucchini or slice squash, 1 pear or kiwi or ripe nectarine. Additional daily foods from week 10: most vegetables (restricted amounts with dietitian guidance), most fruits (restricted amounts with dietitian guidance), quinoa, 3–4 tablespoons of cooked lentils or peas.
Restricted foods	Dairy, animal fat, wheat, emulsifiers, artificial sweeteners, other cuts or parts of chicken, other sources animal or soy protein, carrageenan, maltodextrins (and sucralose), sulfite containing foods, xanthan gum, packaged/canned/frozen precooked foods, doughs, baked goods, frozen, canned fruits and vegetables, oral iron supplements, soy or gluten-free products, ready to use sauces, syrups, spreads dressings, margarine, butter, vinegar, soy sauce, ketchup, mayonnaise, alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, juices, deep-fried or oily foods.
Other Details	Each phase has a duration of 6 weeks. CDED is often associated with polymeric formulas which, during phase 1, represent 50% of the caloric intake. Fruit and vegetables are progressively reintroduced during phase II.
IgG 4-guided diet
Allowed foods	Foods not associated with IgG4 reactivity.
Restricted foods	Foods associated with IgG4 reactivity.
Other Details	IgG4-guided exclusion diet is a personalized approach excluding and replacing in each patient 4 food types with the highest IgG4 titration. Screening is performed on 16 food types: milk, peanuts, soya, shrimp, egg, tomato, pork, beef, cod fish, potato, wheat, yeast, cheddar cheese, chicken, lamb and rice.